Effect of Washington Consensus Upon Emerging Market

detonator letter Consensus implemented by rising markets refers to stinting policies created by John Williamson (Hooper, 2002 Rodrik, 2006). It is based on monetary liberalization theory of McKinnon and Shaw, which emphasis on freeing financial markets from establishment interpolation. Financial liberalization theory assumed utter(a) financial markets with perfect tuition, perfect competition and depends on institution-free analysis (Demetriades, 1999). These assumptions ar irrelevant in the sniff out that market, as a whole is imperfect. contempt these deficiencies, emerge countries see to it to implement upper-case letter Consensus requested by planetary Monetary indemnity (IMF) and founding situate as part of their loan contracts. According to working cap Consensus, emerging economies facing similar occupations with developed markets should be treated with the like tools. upper-case letter Consensus aims to encourage privatization with gamy level of econom ic openness. There are many criticisms regarding the policies content of Washington Consensus.Some critics argue that the policies are non being devised in a sequentially correct vogue and did not consider emerging markets development stage (Hooper, 2002). There are some(prenominal) impacts of the implementation of Washington Consensus upon the emerging capital markets namely worsen economic growth and increase germinate markets volatility. Implementation of the Washington Consensus through with(predicate) financial liberalization has affected economic growth of emerging capital markets. Financial liberalization is developed in the objective of cleanse economic growth by encouraging saving, investment and capital productivity. to begin with financial liberalization is introduced, many developing countries encounter financial repression, which is the transit where government intervenes in the economy (Demetriades, 1999). In 1960s and 1970s, government intervention was neede d to control pegged exchange range under Bretton-Wood regime. Government controlled the markets by allocating heights reserve requirement, sideline rates ceiling, and controlling capital, credit as well as exchange rate. These interventions led to disequilibrium in sideline rate, for example, interest rates were be abject equilibrium level (Hooper, 2002).In order to master the problem, financial liberalization is introduced, for instance, by setting high interest rates. noble interest rates were aimed to encourage savings, which leave behind attract investment through acceptance and thus improved economic growth. Unfortunately, financial liberalization did not result in greater savings instead high interest rate can destroy reformation in real vault of heaven (Hooper, 2002). In addition, financial liberalization exacerbates economic growth in the sense that ratio of reserves to foreign denominated short-term indebtedness had declined substantially (Stiglitz, 2000).Washingt on Consensus suggests emerging capital markets to deregulate their economies in order to achieve economic growth. However, lack of comprehensive regulating has led to Asian Financial Crisis in 1997. Moreover, dampen economic growth during Asian Financial Crisis came from maturity and gold mismatch. For example, long-term investment in local currency financed short-term liabilities in dollars. Besides, Washington Consensus did not emphasis on capital flow social organization in liberalizing capital flows. Many emerging capital markets destabilized delinquent to high level of capital flows.In Latin America (1980), economic crisis was a result of cash flow structuring problem with the increase in portfolio candor to replace portfolio debt. Asian Financial Crisis 1997 has been deteriorated due to regular flows of money mingled with financial markets. This term hot money impart flow from countries with low founder to countries with the highest interest rates as chamfers attempt to get highest return as possible. These flows can affect balance of payments if exchange rates in the total is high (Hooper, 2002).Thus, Washington Consensus worsens economic growth of emerging capital markets. Volatility of buy in markets is also affected by the implementation of Washington Consensus. Financial liberalization involve emerging capital markets to more volatility. This is because financial liberalization encourages deregulation, and liquidity, which are the components enhancing volatility. It also goes for taxation as lower taxes take up to volatility. Since liberalize markets usually relieve oneself lower market concentration, volatility will also increase (Hooper, 1998).Moreover, increasing portfolio equity flows increasing volatility of stock markets (Hooper, 2002). These situations reduce the attractiveness of investing in emerging stock markets (Stiglitz, 2000). Besides, stock markets volatility will be exasperated when there is no ample accountancy disc losure since investors are not able to get out sensible judgment about the firm. However, financial liberalization did not improve explanation disclosure and structure of governance (Hooper, 2002).There is negative relationship amongst quality of accounting governance and volatility of stock market. Poor accounting system lead to higher market volatility. Moreover, Washington Consensus policy of deregulation has also intensified volatility of stock market (Hooper, 1998 Hooper, 1998). In addition, financial liberalization increased volatility of stock markets with changes in outside country. Since, emerging markets seemed unfounded, investors are discouraged to invest in the markets. Thus, results in large capital outflows (Stiqlitz, 2000).However, in the long run, volatility of emerging stock markets is astir(p) as they liberalize. International investors find investing in emerging markets are utile since their risk-return of overall portfolio improved. Investing in emerging stock market lead to diversification of risk, as there is low correlation with other markets (Hooper, 1998). Despite that, implementation of Washington Consensus in emerging capital markets lead to volatile stock market especially in the short-term cycle.There are several ways for IMF and World Bank to conduct policy in developing countries. One of the ways is IMF and World Bank have to make sure that Washington Consensus policies are implemented in correct sequencing manner (Hooper, 2002). For example, financial sector should be reformed after regulatory and bank supervision are restructured and after real sector has been reformed. IMF and World Bank should also encourage developing countries to review and comprehend their regulation system since deregulation can harm economic growth (Hopper, 2002).Furthermore, fortifying securities and accounting regulation help reduce volatility (Hooper, 1998) by implementing framework and policies like monetary policy, which represent the cou ntries stock markets volatility. Besides, IMF and World Bank should bequest emerging countries to be more transparent in accounting disclosure and adopt nigh(a) governance structure. For example, companies with poor governance are required to pay high return to investors. To reduce the premium, corporation should lessen information asymmetry by increasing accounting disclosure.Thus, cost of equity is lowered since investors are more aware about the firms cash flow. Moreover, accounting disclosure overcomes capital flows problem while clear securities framework helps lower volatility. Accounting disclosure should improve so that firms are abled to be monitored and controlled by government (Hooper, 2002). In addition, higher interest rates in emerging capital markets leads to adverse choice and moral hazard problem. Adverse option normally occurs when interest rates are high as borrowers invest in extremely risky investment without lenders knowledge.While moral hazard arises when b orrowers invest in projects they had not agreed to. This can lead to increase in cost of borrowing for other borrowers. Thus, encouraging accounting disclosure helps to reduce adverse selection and moral hazard. For example, Thailand and South-East Asian faced moral hazard due to deficient accounting disclosure and comprehensive regulation (Hooper, 2002). Besides, transparent information helps heal economic growth through effective resource apportioning (Stiglitz, 2000).IMF and World Bank should also emphasis on binding constraints on economic growth by finding ways to correct the constraints. It is in-chief(postnominal) for an economy to use the appropriate tools in reducing the constraints. For instance, reforming financial intermediaries will not improve investment with poor property rights. Thus, binding constraints have to be evaluated (Stiglitz, 1998). In conclusion, implementing Washington Consensus in emerging capital markets is not efficient. It deteriorated economic grow th of many developing countries for instance, East Asian and Latin America were in bad financial crisis.Moreover, the liberalization process also affects stock market of emerging countries by exacerbating stock markets volatility. Thus, International Monetary Fund and World Bank have to play their post by setting up efficient policies in order to withstand problems arise from the implementation of Washington Consensus as well as improving the economy of emerging countries. REFERENCE LISTS * Demetriades, P 1999, Financial liberalization the dumbfound of developing countries, Eastern Economic Journal, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 441-457. Hooper, V 1998, Volatility and openness of emerging stock markets some empirical evidence, Emerging bully Markets Financial and Investment Issues, pp. 35-45. * Hooper, V 2002, The Washington Consensus and Emerging Economies, pp. 1-14. * Rodrik, D 2006, adios Washington Consensus, hello Washington Confusion, pp. 1-28. * Stiglitz, J 1998, More instruments and broader goals locomote toward the PostWashington Consensus, pp. 1-46. * Stiglitz, JE 2000, Capital market liberalization, economic growth, and instability, World Development, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 1075-1086.