Patrol Rifles: Arming Officers to Succeed

PATROL RIFLES build up OFFICERS TO SUCCEED Sergeant Scott Buziecki due north sunup law of nature incision A Research Paper Submitted to the northeastwestern University Center for Public Safety drill of guard Staff & Command Class 175 Naperville, Illinois December 9, 2002 executive director Summary The North aurora Police surgical incision soon awards incumbents to guard their choice of 9mm or . 45 gage shooting irons no keen-sighted artillerys argon on hand(predicate). The Firearms Training Unit has pro thumpd that the surgical incision adopt the . 223 bore-hole pop off for guard guard ships officer part.The reasons for this proposal atomic number 18 (1) shooting irons argon subjectively less faithful and accept a buncoer effectual deviate than big submarine sandwichs ofttimes(prenominal) as denudates and scatterguns, (2) side arm timber weeds snap to a great extent heavily by dint of with(predicate) with(predicate) internal bulwarks than . 223 loot aegir fumes, which ca examples an join ond put on the teleph champion wire of un mean persons existence gain g plump push with, and (3) handgun drill hole warmers leave non filter torso acc protrudeerments and armion(predicate) new(prenominal) obstacles comm simply encountered, while intimately . 223 caliber sluggards exit. The objective of this look into is to go d decl ar if the NAPD should adopt a blanket(a) gun for guard officer single-valued function or keep the current side arm- that(prenominal) program as it is.The types of heavy artillery units infra consideration atomic number 18 pistol caliber strips (9mm and . 45 caliber), shotguns (slugs and duck shot), and the . 223 caliber rifle. These weapons seekament be comp atomic number 18d and contrasted with respect to verity & cooking stove, ease of sp intercept, combat injury cleverness, and prohibition keenness. prompt Incapacitation Officers shoot to immed iately grasp physiologic incapacitation of a comical who is saturnine vivification. This means that the suspect is rendered physi shrieky in suitable of continuing his or her living pitiableering behavior.This is done by (1) damaging or destroying the suspects central nervous system by shooting the vanguarder or upper spinal cord, or (2) interrupting filiation diminish to the understanding, to driveway un aw beness, done shooting the warmheartedness mass of the suspect. Stopping melodic phrase flow to the brain is done by creating as much hurt and bleeding as possible. Some rocket engines cause these effects give than an a nonher(prenominal)(prenominal)s. Decisions on weapons, ammo, and envisionning should be made with the goal of immediate incapacitation in look. Accuracy & set Pistols argon less faultless than rifles and shotguns due to their short sight r.Their useful cheat is 25 yards or less. Shotguns consider a clutches of ab emerge 30 yards wit h duck shot and nearly 50 yards with slugs. Pistol caliber rifles (9mm and . 45 caliber) countenance a useful range of about 50 yards. The best range and accuracy of all the choices is found in the . 223 caliber rifle. It is straight to oer light speed yards, even in the give of medium officers, the majority of the guard workforce. Officers should be gird with a weapon sure-footed of the desireest range that they tycoon evenhandedly sine qua non to engage with deadly force.The commodiousest residence at bejewel Middle School is about clxxx feet or 60 yards. Comp ar this to the above listed weapons ranges. Other buildings, much(prenominal) as performeries and warehouses are unremarkably rattling outsized and would equally require dogged gun capability to decorously do to an active guesswork fleck. Even though an active shooter here is unlikely, officers should still be ready to serve to one. The weapon with the best accuracy and range is the . 223 caliber rifle, followed by pistol caliber rifles, shotguns, and pistols.Ease of use Compared with the shotgun, the rifle (either pistol caliber or rifle) is to a great extent surface-off for officers to shoot and be confident with, an authoritative consideration for essay management. The shotgun is known for heavy recoil, m boththing that raises controlling it difficult, particularly for female officers and teeny-weenyr male officers. blend ins, on the separate hand, name a mild recoil. Because of this, its use is as loose for women as it is for men. If a weapon is un cheerful for officers to shoot, it is non an useful weapon.With respect to ease of use, the best weapon is one that the majority of guard officers enkindle track down tellingly, and in this case, rifles are easier to shoot than shotguns. lesion ability Handgun gages call for minimal fractionation and a small(prenominal) junior-grade actary cavum, which causes very little or no spare go ag ainsting so their lancinate effectualness is determined simply by the sizing of the wide-lived stone pit and the depth of cleverness. Shotgun slugs make up very devastating wounds due to very advanced shrewdness and if that were the all factor in choosing the appropriate round, the best garden rocket would be a slug. die skunks aver adequate sharpness, larger fugacious cavitation, and fragmentation, depending on the weight and design. The ephemeral orchestra pit, playing on meanders already sufferingd by lick fragments, causes extra trauma and bleeding. These elements combine to make . 223 bullets much than(prenominal) severe than pistol bullets. insight tests exemplify that, in general, . 223 caliber bullets cause much severe trauma than pistol calibers. Barrier perceptiveness Pistol bullets have been shown, with ballistic test, to propagate nevertheless later on going finished a common intimate wall. This is also true for shotgun slugs and duck shot. 223 caliber bullets, on the other hand, have been shown to fragment more(prenominal) and penetrate less after going done an interior wall, in that locationby bring down the risk of exposure of a bystander being wound in an adjacent fashion. .223 caliber bullets also faithfully penetrate organic structure mail, while pistol bullets and shotgun ammunition do non. This would be vitally important if officers must portray violent criminals wearing em automobile trunk armor, such as during the 1997 Hollywood buzzword robbery shootout. Long Gun critique Of 21 suburban Chicago orbital cavity agencies surveyed, every one allows legal philosophy officers to rock a grand gun ( carbon%). tossch it is non surprising that round are obtaining shotguns, it is a little surprising to find that the majority of departments surveyed (71%) are actually adopting rifles. In fact, several(prenominal)(prenominal) agencies carry both a shotgun and a rifle or give officers their choice of either weapon. Of those that carry rifles, the majority (80%) uses . 223-caliber ammunition. Conclusion Handguns are short(p) for somewhat spaces because of their control in effect(p) range, express accuracy, lesser wounding ability, and extravagantlyer risk of everyplace incursion through interior walls. 223 caliber rifles have less recoil, mend accuracy, greater range, superior wounding ability, more affectionate interior wall perceptivity, and the ability to penetrate carcass armor. Since patrol officers are the primary to respond to any life threatening criminal incident, however scarce they may be, lawfulness enforcement agencies should arm them with a spacious gun of some kind. Anything less and they allow non be adequately prepared to respond. Having adequate weapons will increment the chances that responding officers tin force out reduce the ability of the suspect to resist. Recommendations The North Aurora Police incision should a dopt . 23-caliber ammunition for patrol rifle use. Further investigating of particular proposition . 223 rounds in respective(a) weights and configurations should be done to precisely determine each rounds murder for various uses. Based on anecdotal development from firearms trainers, the section should take one round for barrier perceptivity (when this is desired) and one for close quarters use (when interior penetration is not desired). More foc utilize research and/or ballistic interrogation will help determine the specific magazines. In addition, the FBIs ammunition testing data will be of some help as well.Submitted to old geezer Thomas Fetzer Sergeant Scott Buziecki North Aurora Police Department The Village of North Aurora, a companionship of about 12,500 residents, is not a violent community in fact, the North Aurora Police Department considers itself service oriented. Still, the citizens expect the jurisprudence to be able to protect lives, our virtually import ant service. Currently, officers of the North Aurora Police Department are armed with only a sidearm, their choice of a 9mm or . 45-caliber semi- automatonlike pistol. on that time period is no supplemental weapon available, such as a shotgun or rifle.Even though officers in North Aurora are obsolescently called upon to face armed, violent victimizedoers, it could give at any moment. Since the Columbine massacre of 1999, constabulary agencies have begun planning their patrol officers in rapid deployment procedures for active shooter situations and other critical incidents. The NAPD has done this as well. However, while umteen other patrol agencies, both large and small, carry side arms and coherent guns, the North Aurora Police Department is only prepared to respond to these incidents with side arms, a signifi laughingstockt tactical dis favour.Columbine was the law enforcement communitys awaken up call and there is no longer any rationalise not to be prepared. This doe s not mean that every force should welkin a SWAT team. police officers are the backbone of every constabulary department and the premier(prenominal) to respond to every call. They should have the tools and schooling to come up to any reasonably predictable incident. Even though they are rare in North Aurora, incidents of violence are not confined to any particular jurisdiction size or socioeconomic rank, so it could happen anywhere.During the North Hollywood bank robbery shootout in Los Angeles, atomic number 20 in 1997, heavily armed offenders wearing several layers of body armor outgunned responding patrol officers for 45 proceeding. Since this incident, guard agencies across the nation began build up their patrol officers with rifles. On Halloween 2002 in St. Charles, a man fired several shots through his apartment door at children trick or treating. Patrol officers were the first to respond to these incidents and they handled at least the first several minutes until ameliorate by better-equipped personnel.What would have happened if the armed suspect con front maned the law of nature? What would have happened if that happened in North Aurora, where sidearms are the only weapons available to officers? While North Aurora has been blessed by being relatively violence- exempt, it is not immune to violence. There is nothing to indicate that any of those incidents could not have happened in North Aurora. Police administrators are responsible for ensuring that their agencies are prepared to respond to life threatening emergencies. This means adequately equipping and training personnel to accommodate c third houseenges that could reasonably be expected.If it is predictable, then it is preventable. PROBLEM STATEMENT The North Aurora Police Department currently allows officers to carry their choice of 9mm or . 45 caliber pistols. No long guns are currently authorized for use. Members of NAPDs Firearms Training Unit have suggested that the pistol is misfortunate for all situations and that a long gun should be adopted. The deficiencies in the current pistol-only program are (1) pistols are inherently less consummate and have a shorter effective range than long guns such as rifles and shotguns, (2) pistol caliber bullets penetrate more heavily through interior walls than . 23 rifle caliber bullets, which causes an profitd risk of unintended persons being hit, and (3) pistol caliber bullets will not penetrate body armor and many other obstacles commonly encountered, while around . 223 caliber bullets will. The primary upshot is to evaluate whether or not a supplementary long gun is necessary for patrol officer use in the North Aurora Police Department. If a long gun is involve, what is the best type to choose a . 223 caliber rifle, a pistol caliber rifle (9mm or . 45 cal. ), or a shotgun (buckshot or slugs)? ACHIEVING IMMEDIATE INCAPACITATIONAccording to the law, a patrol officer fag end only shoot in defense of his or her own life or that of anotherto immediately stop the life threatening behavior of the suspect. Police officers shoot to achieve immediate physiological incapacitation delimitate as the sudden physical or mental inability to pose any further risk of injury to others. (Patrick). If not physiologically changed, the suspect is still able to continue life-threatening behavior. In some cases, a hit to a suspects arm or leg might obtain psychological incapacitation, where the suspect voluntarily stops chip due to the shock of being shot.In this type of case, the suspect is still physically able to continue the fight, reavely chooses to surrender. Psychological incapacitation is very unreliable, since it varies greatly from person to person without regard to a particular cartridge clip. (Roberts 17) Therefore, we must strive to achieve immediate physiological incapacitation to stop life threatening behavior. Decisions on weapons, ammunition, and training should be made with this goal in mind. There are only ii ways to cause immediate physiological incapacitation.The first is to ill-treat or destroy the Central Nervous System, by shooting the brain or upper spinal cord. In fix to damage or destroy the CNS, officers are taught that a hit in the tri move mingled with the eyes and nose is close likely to succeed. Hits outside that area have a higher(prenominal) chance of hitting bone at an angle and can actually fail to penetrate, bouncing off. Or they can hit a part of the brain that will not incapacitate the suspect. . . . separates can perform tasks or even resist gunshot wounds of the brainespecially if they involve the frontal lobes.In documented cases of suicide, an individual has fired a bullet through the frontal lobes, to be followed by a gage bootleg shot into the basal ganglia. (DiMaio 210) The author once responded to a shooting where the dupe was shot at close range in the side of the head with a . 25 caliber bullet at an angle and the bulle t b troy ounced off his skull. He suffered only a minor flesh wound. gibe the brain or spinal cord usually causes death or perpetual disability so it is usually done only as a last resort to prevent imminent great material harm.The second way to cause immediate physiological incapacitation is to interrupt blood flow to the suspects brain, which causes unconsciousness. The best way to do this righteousness away is to cause heavy bleeding by shooting vital organs or blood arteries and vessels. The faster the suspect bleeds, the faster blood flow to the brain will stop and the sooner that unconsciousness will occur. Since the highest closeness of vital organs and blood vessels is located in the chest and abdominal cavity of the valet body, officers are taught to shoot at that area, called the center of mass.Shooting at the center of mass also increases the likelihood of getting a hit, since it is the largest part of the human body. Shooting an arm or leg to wound, as some might suggest jurisprudence should do, is not likely to cause physiological incapacitation. physiological incapacitation takes a minimum of 10-15 seconds to occur because even when shot directly through the heart, the suspects brain and muscles still have a small supply of oxygen and can function until it is exhausted. The limiting factor for consciousness is the oxygen supply to the brain.When the oxygen in the brain is consumed, unconsciousness occurs. Experiments have shown that an individual can remain conscious for at least 10-15 seconds after complete occlusion of the carotid arteries. Thus, if no blood is pumped to the brain, an individual can function, e. g. , run, for at least 10 sec before collapsing. (DiMaio 210) mark simply, the best bullets are the ones that cause physiological incapacitation the quickest. By measuring several factors of projectile wounding, the near appropriate type of round(s) can be selected for the various types of applications.There are four factors of projectile wounding (1) Depth of penetration, (2) Permanent cavity, (3) short cavity, and (4) fragmentation. Depth of penetration is the pith of meander that the bullet passes through and destroys, which is important because in order to cause physiological incapacitation, the projectile must make it deep enough to damage vital organs and blood vessels. (Patrick) The long-lasting wave cavity is the hole left by the bullets route of admit through the body. (Patrick) As it passes though, tissue is crushed and bleeding occurs.The bigger the hole, the more tissue that is damaged, the more bleeding that will occur. The unstable cavity is the tissue surrounding the ageless cavity that stretches away from the bullet as it passes through the body. (Patrick) This is a little like what happens when a rock is thrown into water. The carry on of the rock initially moves the water out of the way, cause a atypical hole in the water. The water quickly moves back and fills the hole. The amount of damage ca employ by this effect varies greatly base (generally) on the pep pill of the bullet and the elasticity of the tissue.Anatomical organizes such as blood vessels, muscles, lungs, and bowels are able to survive significant stretching with a minimum amount of damage just inelastic tissues will sustain significant damage because of the maverick cavity stretching. (Patrick) Inelastic tissues such as the liver, kidney, spleen, pancreas, brain, and completely honest fluid or gas filled turn up organs, such as the bladder, are highly susceptible to severe permanent splitting, vehement, and rupture due to transitory cavitation insults. (Roberts 18) Fragmentation is the breakup of the bullet. Patrick) Fragments of the bullet can spread out wider than the permanent cavity, causing multiple, littler permanent cavities and bleeding as they pass though tissue. rocket fragmentation in tissue can also greatly increase the perma- nent cavity size. When a bullet fragm ents in tissue, each of the multiple fragments spreads out radially from the main wound track, cutting its own path through tissue. (Roberts 20) Fragmentation also increases the chances that the bullet will remain in the body, thereby, reducing the chances that an complimentary bystander will be seriously hurt by a bullet that passes through the targets body.The extent of injuries caused by a bullet depend, in part, on how well the bullet educates the four listed wounding components and how well they compliment each other. Temporary cavity and fragmentation, under the right conditions, can complement each other because the bullet fragments can break off surrounding tissue, which can then be detached by the temporary cavity, in effect creating a larger permanent cavity with additional trauma and bleeding. It is the synergy of the temporary cavity acting on tissue that has already been riddled with bullet fragments that produces the increased permanent cavity . . . (Fackler 27) T herefore, the temporary cavity is reliant on the velocity of the bullet, where in the body it hits, and what the bullet does inside the body. According the Federal Bureau of Investigation, depth of penetration and permanent cavity are considered the most important of the wounding components, especially for pistol ammunition. The FBI recommends penetration of at least 12 inches to ensure this damage. (Patrick) Pistol ammunition involves a very small temporary cavity and very little fragmentation. However, the component that most affects the cruelness of a gunshot wound is the size of the temporary cavity.Due to their very high velocities and high kinetic energies, rifles can produce very severe wounds. (DiMaio 142) As stated earlier, the more trauma and bleeding caused, the more likely physiological incapacitation will occur. IS A LONG hero NECESSARY? Before considering whether a supplementary long gun is necessary, we must first compare and contrast pistols and long guns. The grea test strength of pistols is that they are always readily accessible, while their weakness is their limited accuracy and short useful range. Long guns, however, have increased accuracy and longer range than handguns.Their weakness is limited accessibility in unexpected situations. However, some insurance makers, in spite of the evidence, will still be concerned about financial obligation. Liability issues should not be the main focus of whether rifle/carbines are permitted to be carried by officers. Public safety and officer survival should be the prime consideration. (Chudwin 15) Since popular safety and officer survival are the focus, the differences of pistols and long guns in accessibility, accuracy, and range will be shown. In addition, results of a long gun survey as well as some views remote to patrol rifles will be presented.Accessibility The greatest strength of pistols is that they readily available. They are best suited for use at close range (under 25 yards) in situat ions in which an unexpected threat submits officers. When confront with a non-anticipated life-threatening situation, a peace officer is best armed with the firearm of convenience, a handgun . . . . (Bollig 24) The study Tactical Officers Association, in its Tactical Team branch Selection position paper agrees It is recommended by the Association that members tasked with entering wondering(a) areas be adequately armed with a shoulder-fired weapon . . . Handguns are to be carried as secondary or back up weapons and not as primary entry weapons. (Tactical Team Weapons Selection 5-6) Special agent Urey Patrick, of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, agrees A review of law enforcement shootings wee-weely suggests that irrespective of the number of rounds fired in a shooting, most of the date only one or two solid torso hits on the thwarter can be expected. This expectation is realistic because of the nature of shooting incidents and the extreme difficulty of shooting a handgun with precision under such dire conditions.The probability of multiple hits with a handgun is not high. experienced officers implicitly recognize that fact, and when potential violence is reasonably expected, their preparations are characterized by obtaining as many shoulder weapons as possible. Since most shootings are not anticipated, the officer refer cannot be prepared in advance with heavier armament. As a corollary tactical principle, no law enforcement officer should ever plan to meet an expected attack armed with only a handgun. Patrick) The most general description of a situation where a pistol is inadequate and a long gun would be preferred is one where officers reasonably believe that lethal force might be necessary. Accuracy Pistols are inherently less accurate than long guns. The . 223 has advantages relative to a handgun, part by creating greater wound trauma, but primarily through greater accuracy of fire and the associated extension of effective range. (MacPherson 30) At the convention range, lost(p) shots are caused by the failure of the shooter to align the sights at the moment the trigger breaks and the bullet leaves the pose.In real life, where both the shooter and the target are usually moving, miss shots are very common. In a study of 19 officer-involved shootings the Joliet, Illinois Police Department found that officers, using various types of firearms, at sea their intended target 71 percent of the time. (Kerr and Wilkerson 10) Pistols are imprecise for two main reasons. The first reason is simply the distance between the front and rear sights. Pistols have a short sight radius, while long guns have a much greater distance between the sights. The greater the sight radius, the greater the accuracy will be.The second reason for pistols limited accuracy when compared to long guns is the stability (or instability) of the way that pistols and long guns are held. intimately officers use a two-hand pee when firing a pistol, while a long gun allows a four-point holdboth hands, cheek, and shoulder. (Lesce 28) With a two handed pistol hold, mis conjunctive of the sights from the eye of the shooter happens with only a beautiful movement of the wrist or a lowering of the arms, which is very easy to do in a gunfight. This misalignment is possible because of the short sight radius and the unanchored hold.Any misalignment of the sights translates to a missed shot. In order to break the eye-rear sight-front sight alignment using a long gun, an officer would have to hold the weapon incorrectly. The superior range of long guns is closely related to greater effective range than pistols. Effective Range In contrast with the performance of handguns, long guns offer greater range. The useful range of a pistol is 25 yards or less. For some officers the ideal pistol range may be only as uttermost as 15 yards. When used with buckshot, a shotguns supreme useful range is around 30 y ards.With slugs, the maximal range for the median(a) officer is no more than 50 yards, while a rifle, on the other hand, is best for liaise ranges (up to ampere-second yards). (Fairburn 39) Sniper rifles, of course, are useful for longer ranges but patrol officers would not have a need for such longrange accuracy. Armed with a patrol rifle, an officer can control a 100 yard radius which . . . allows fewer officers to control a given area and still come back far more close-range precision than that offered by a sidearm or a shotgun. (Fairburn 59)Specifically, long guns would be advantageous to deploy in the next types of situations hostage situations, barricaded subjects, felony stops, perimeter containment, confronting armed criminals wearing body armor, tactical entries on search and arrest warrants, and crimes involving weapons. Their advantages in accuracy and range increase the tactical advantage for responding officers, allowing them to be farther away behind better cover. Long Guns Used SPSC 175 Shotguns 29% Lon g Gun look A number of area police agencies currently use long weapons of some kind or another and many have replaced their shotguns with patrol rifles.Of 21 agencies surveyed, every one allows patrol officers to carry a long gun (100%). Of those, seven (33. 3%) carry only rifles, eight (38. 1%) carry rifles and shotguns or the officers choice, and six (28. 6%) carry only shotguns. Therefore, 71. 4% of the agencies surveyed allow patrol officers to carry rifles and 28. 6% carry only shotguns. See pie chart in figure 1. Of the fourteen departments that allow rifles, eleven of them (78. 6%) use . 223-caliber ammunition Only troika of fourteen, (21. 4%) use 9mm ammunition. Class survey) While this survey is not scientific, it certain demonstrates that long guns are the norm and patrol rifles are not a radical idea. Rifles 71% Figure 1 Opposing Views Even though a number of departments have switched or are switching to the use of rifles by patrol officers, there are opposing viewpoin ts. One view says that if police are armed with more firepower, they will feel pressure to use them. Its courting trouble, said Tom Diaz of the Violence Policy Center, a chapiter-based non-profit research group that studies the effects of violence. The honest cop never has the subroutine to use his gun, Diaz said. So if this kind of firepower is available, there is an implicit pressure to use it. Yet the amount officer often lacks the training and experience. (Vogt 8) Some of the LAPD officers involved in the 45 minute long North Hollywood bank robbery shootout in all likelihood had never used their guns in the line of duty before and they clearly needed a more powerful weapon that day. While events like this are not likely in North Aurora (or anywhere for that matter), patrol officers should be reasonably prepared to respond Another viewpoint says that community policing and more firepower do not mix. Particularly problematic . . . s that while the federal government is for tify police departments, it is also promoting a around the bender, gentler approach to law enforcement with the Community orient Policing program. (Elbow 5A) Community policing is based on officers responding to the problems and concerns of the community, along with the community members. If an armed offender is endangering the community, the community unavoidablenesss the police to come prepared to put an end to it. Is the community going to care what the weapon looks as long as it helps the police conclude the incident safely? Will they be upset if an necessitous bystander is hurt by a rifle or shotgun?Of course they will, but this would also be the case if a bystander were hurt by an officer armed with only a pistol. Finally, this opposing viewpoint agrees that more heavily armed suspects are a problem for the police. He says that arming police with such weapons is not a genuine idea and offers no better way to deal with the problem. It takes little imagination to guess the difficulties this poses for the police in the future. Shootouts with criminals equipped with handguns are dangerous. Facing adversaries armed with military outrage rifles substantially increases the risk to both police and innocent citizens . . . Increasing police weaponry is really not a sound solution to the problem. In a gun battle, the police are usually not in a position to unleash the fury of an automatic weapon at an armed opponent. Most gun battles take place in an urban setting. Firing off a clip of ammunition in the command will, sooner or later, result in the killing of an innocent bystander. The police are therefore limited in their ability to respond to modern weaponry. (Holden 341) Mr. Holden agrees that heavily armed criminals pose a great risk to police and civilians and he is right about that. His point that the police are not n a position to use an automatic weapon misses the point. First, very few departments, if any, are actually arming patrol officers with fully automatic rifles. Rather, they are semi-automatic rifles, which fire one round at a time with each trigger pull. In unexpected confrontations with armed offenders, his point is accurate, because they cannot call timeout to get their rifle. However, the value of having patrol officers armed with rifles is that when they are responding to a situation where they can reasonably expect an armed offender, they can have the rifle in their hand when they exit their patrol car (with an interior attach rack. This is no slower than drawing their pistol from its holster. Finally, Mr. Holden refers to a magazine, the container that holds the cartridges, as a clip. If he does not even know what the name of the part, how knowledgeable is he and how intensive was peer review of his book? The above opinions expressed against arming patrol officers seem either misinformed or based on something other than facts and tactical principles. Is a long gun a necessary get together of equipment for a patrol officer to carry? The answer is an emphatic ABSOLUTELY. Without long guns, officers will be virtually tactically helpless beyond 25 yards.WHAT TYPE OF LONG GUN IS BEST SUITED FOR PATROL map? Many agencies are concerned about liability and rightly so. However, choosing the wrong tools and training for the job seems more at risk for incurring liability than doing careful research and then selecting the best solution. It is a far greater liability risk to fail to give officers the tools & skills they need to survive and succeed. The learn case of City of Canton v. Harris (1989) identifies deliberate indifference toward civil rights on the part of city policy makers as the mental state needed to subject a municipality to Section 1983 liability.Recall here that deliberate indifference is uniform to recklessness in the disregard of risk to others. (Mijares et. al 36) In other words, to be aware of a risk and fail to prepare for it can create civil rights liability. Which type of weapon (and what cartridge) is best ultimately depends on the needs of each particular agency, but weapons that are easy for officers to operate will be the best choice. The primary choice each agency must make is first, to decide the caliber and second, to decide the configuration (i. e. full surface jacket, hollow point, etc. ) and in what situations each type will be used.Then they should select the weapon to use with the ammunition. First, some ammunition-related definitions, since these terms and abbreviations are used throughout this discussion Full metal jacket (FMJ) This bullet has a metal jacket surrounding the lead or sword core, to prevent it from nailing on impact. The FMJ is the bullet configuration used by the military. (DiMaio 143) Jacketed soft point (JSP) contradictory the full metal-jacketed bullet, a metal jacket part covers the soft point bullet. The core is exposed at the tip, which helps the bullet expand upon impact.Soft point bullets are usually us ed for hunt club. (DiMaio 143) Jacketed hollow point (JHP) want the soft point bullet, the hollow point bullet has a metal jacket partially covering it. However, the exposed tip is hollow, which encourages expansion upon impact. holler point bullets are usually used for hunting and shooting competitions. (DiMaio 144) compass point bullets are the official bullets of the NAPD. The three different types of ammunition under consideration are (1) Pistol Calibers (9mm and . 45 calibers), (2) Shotgun (both buckshot and slugs), and (3) Rifle Calibers (. 23 caliber). 9mm and . 45 caliber bullets are being considered because these are the currently issued duty ammunition for the North Aurora Police Department. Shotgun slugs and buckshot are being considered because they have always been the standard second weapon of law enforcement. Finally, . 223 caliber bullets are being considered because they seem to be the most popular rifle round that agencies select. .308 caliber bullets are not being considered because they are generally considered too powerful for patrol use. They are most commonly used by police snipers.Deciding what caliber to use requires some knowledge about the wounding mechanics of each of the major choices for long guns. Comparisons will be made between shotguns, pistol caliber rifles, and . 223 caliber rifles in the areas of ease of use, accuracy and range, wounding ability, interior wall penetration and body armor penetration. Ease of Use Compared with the shotgun, the rifle is more comfortable for officers to shoot and be confident with, an important consideration for risk management. While this is not an advantage over pistol caliber rifles, it is huge advantage over shotguns.The shotgun is a difficult gun to master. Its recoil is ebullient for many small-statured officers and at least bothersome to even the biggest, strongest men. This recoil hampers precise placement of slugs as well as limiting the practice many need to be effective with s hot. . . . The shotgun, despite its long history of use in the United States, is not an ideal second weapon for police agencies (Fairburn 39) If officers are not comfortable with a weapon, they will not practice as well and their handling of the weapon during real-life situations will be tentative. This becomes a liability issue.As police agencies become more sensitive to the liability aspects of police firearms training, specifically the lack of such training, the rifle or carbine becomes more attractive. Officers are more comfortable with a rifle since it allows more precision and metes out less abuse. The comfort factor promotes increased training and familiarity, which in turn, increases confidence. And being confident with ones weapon is the secret to effective use. (Fairburn 39) Would you want officers, armed with a weapon that they do not feel comfortable with, to respond to a life-threatening situation?Due to the freeive recoil, training is limited because the body can only take so much. With limited training comes limited confidence and limited familiarity. These are not welcome qualities of a weapon for law enforcement. In contrast with shotguns, the rifles low recoil makes it as easy to master for women as it is for men. The . 223 cartridge offers a milder recoil than shotguns and full size rifle cartridges because it is an intermediate surface cartridge. This is important for training female and smaller male officers. Parker 3-4) It is my experience that training officers to effectively use the rifle/carbine is easier due to the shoulder mounted stability, low recoil, and long sight radius. (Chudwin 17) Once an officer is taught the proper way to hold the rifle, getting accurate hits is as simple as lining up the sights with the target and making a smooth trigger pull. Accuracy & Range Long gun accuracy, from least accurate to most accurate, is the shotgun, the pistol caliber rifle, and the . 223 caliber rifle. Slugs and buckshot are the least accurate of all three types of long gun ammunition under consideration.When used by the average officer, the shotgun has a useful range of around 30 yards with buckshot and about 50 yards with slugs. Buckshot is terribly imprecise since the pellets spray outwards after they leave the barrel. They spread wider the farther they travel, which is why the range is so limited. (Fairburn 39) While the best officers might be able to hit a suspect farther than 50 yards away with a shotgun with good quality sights, average officers are not capable of this, and they represent a much larger percentage of the patrol workforce.The accurate range of a pistol caliber rifle may be no more than 50 yards, although a patrol rifle should be capable of accurate head shots at 50 yards and accurate body shots at 100 yards (or more). (Fairburn 59) In comparison, a rifle caliber weapon, in the hands of an average officer, is capable of accurate shots to a range of at least 100 yards, if not more. (Tactical Team Weapons Selection 2) Well-skilful officers might be capable of distances greater than that but probably would not be much need for a shot to be taken at those ranges.The most accurate long gun, of those under consideration, that you can arm a patrol officer with is rifle chambered in an intermediate rifle cartridge, such as the . 223. Critics might suggest that the range of the . 223 caliber bullet makes missed shots too dangerous because they will travel a very great distance, change magnitude the chances for an innocent bystander to be struck. However, Chief Jeff Chudwin, of the Olympia Fields Police Department and a police rifle instructor, points out that the level best range (with best barrel angle) of the . 223 (8,300 ft. ) is similar to that of the 9mm (6,800 ft. and the . 357 magnum (7,100 ft. ). The 12 ga. 1 oz. Slug, which weighs considerably more than the others do, travels only 1,830 feet. Any stray round is a hazard and it is illogical to pack one type of firea rm is more or less dangerous than another based only the maximum range of the round. The key issue is, what is the penetration and ricochet potential of the bullet type and caliber in a residential area? (16) Wounding Ability The FBI recommends projectile penetration of at least 12 inches in order to ensure that the projectile gets deep enough to damage vital organs and large blood vessels. Patrick) Dr. Martin Fackler, a world-renowned ballistic expert, believes that in order for the . 223 bullet to cause adequate tissue damage, it must produce a 14-15 cm temporary cavity along with bullet fragmentation of 30-50%. (27) In terms of terminal wound ballistics (the study of what projectiles do after they hit something), there is no more devastating projectile than a shotgun slug. In tests of hollow point projectiles shot into bare gelatin conducted by Dr. Gary Roberts, a 12-gauge 1- ounce shotgun slug had an average penetration of 26. inches and average maximum temporary cavity of 13. 0 cm. 12 gauge 00 buckshot had an average penetration of 22. 8 inches. Maximum temporary cavity was not measured for this round. A 9mm 147gr JHP bullet (similar to an NAPD issued round) had an average penetration of 13. 2 inches and an average maximum temporary cavity of 5. 5 cm. A . 45 cal 230gr JHP bullet (similar to an NAPD issued round) had an average penetration of 14. 2 inches and an average maximum temporary cavity of 6. 5 cm. The shotgun slugs and pistol bullets did not fragment in the testing.The . 223 bullets (various weights and configurations) tested had varied performance depending on the grain weight and the configuration of the round. The average penetration ranged from 6. 1 inches to 16. 8 inches, while the average maximum temporary cavity ranged from as small as 7 cm to as large as 14 cm. The . 223 bullets fragmentation ranged from as little as 2. 4% to as high as 100%. (28) In contrast with rifle bullets, handgun bullets cause a much smaller temporary cavity, which does not usually add wounding effectiveness. Roberts & Bullian 143) Part of this is because rifle rounds travel close to 3,000 feet per second and pistol bullets travel around 1,000 fps, depending on the caliber. (Roberts 28) All handgun wounds will combine the components of penetration, permanent cavity, and temporary cavity to a greater or lesser degree. Fragmentation, on the other hand, does not reliably occur in handgun wounds due to the relatively low velocities of handgun bullets. Fragmentation occurs reliably in high velocity projectile ounds (impact velocity in excess of 2000 feet per second) inflicted by soft or hollow point bullets. In such a case, the permanent cavity is stretched so far, and so fast, that tearing and rupturing can occur in tissues surrounding the wound channel which were weakened by fragmentation damage. It can significantly increase damage in rifle bullet wounds. (Patrick) The high velocity of rifle bullets, when rapidly slowed by the body, causes the tearing and rupturing associated with the temporary cavity, especially when combined with fragmentation.Research by the military has revealed that the feature of a bullets interaction with soft tissue that contributes most to the malignity and extent of the wound is the size of the temporary wound cavity. The size of this cavity is directly related to the amount of kinetic energy lost by a bullet in the tissue. Rifle bullets, by virtue of high velocities, possess considerably more kinetic energy than pistol bullets. The severity and extent of a wound, however, are determined not by the amount of kinetic energy possessed by the bullet but alternatively by the amount of this kinetic energy that is lost in the tissue.The major determinants of the amount of kinetic energy lost by a bullet in the body are (1) the kinetic energy possessed by the bullet at the time of impact with the body, (2) the shape of the bullet, (3) the angle of gape at the time of impact, (4) any change in the pr esented area of the bullet in its passage through the body, (5) construction of the bullet, and (6) the biological characteristics of the tissues through which the bullet passes. (DiMaio 142) Pistol bullets, unlike rifle bullets, have in fit velocity to cause fragmentation. DiMaio 47) Individuals shot with high-velocity rifle bullets, whether full metal-jacketed military rounds or soft-point hunting rounds, show more severe wounds than people wounded by pistol bullets. This is especially true of rifle hunting ammunition. It is also true that rifle hunting ammunition, because it is soft-point, does fragment in the body. (DiMaio 311) If the pistol bullets do fragment, the fragments stay very near the permanent cavity (within 1 cm), essentially reducing wounding effectiveness since the smaller main bullet will cut a smaller permanent cavity. Roberts 20) Rifle bullets break up easier than pistol bullets due to their small size and weight and the increased stress caused by the high velo city. To summarize, with handgun bullets there is essentially no fragmentation and a very small temporary cavity, which causes very little or no additional wounding so wounding effectiveness is determined simply by the size of the permanent cavity and the depth of penetration. Therefore, by going with a pistol caliber rifle, an agency does not really gain anything but better accuracy over a handgun.Shotgun slugs produce devastating wounds due to very high penetration and if that were the only factor in choosing the appropriate round, the best projectile would be a slug. But the fact is that pistol bullets and shotgun slugs and buckshot have a tendency to penetrate more than rifle bullets. Rifle bullets can produce adequate penetration, temporary cavitation, and fragmentation, so by selecting a rifle, an agency gains range, accuracy, and wounding ef- fectiveness over pistols & shotguns. While Dr.Roberts test results are not conclusive enough select one specific cartridge (due to the limited number tested), they do demonstrate better overall performance by the . 223 caliber cartridge than pistol calibers cartridges and shotgun slugs and buckshot. Examination of more test results are needed to specify an exact cartridge for duty use. pleasant wounding performance of the . 223 bullet is based, at least partly, on its velocity and the type of weapon ( length of barrel) used. 5. 56mm/. 223 weapons require a minimum barrel length of 14. inches to optimize incapacitation potential, as 5. 56mm/. 223 weapons with barrel lengths shorter than 14. 5 inches . . . exhibit significantly change magnitude wounding effects and limited incapacitation potentials, similar to those produced by the 9mm pistol bullets used in handguns and SMGs submachine guns. (Roberts 24) In order to ensure fragmentation and effective wounding ability, weapons used should have a long enough barrel length to produce muzzle velocities above 2,500 feet per second.Examples of weapons that meet this cr iterion are the Colt M-16/AR-15 and M-4/CAR-15, H&K G41 and HK33, and the Ruger Mini-14. (Roberts & Bullian 145) While recommending a specific weapon and specific ammunition is outside the scope of this paper, it is important to keep these factors in mind when making selections. Barrier Penetration While deep penetration in soft body tissue is desirable for wounding effectiveness (immediate physiological incapacitation), there must be a balance of enough penetration without too much.Since the selected shoulder-mounted weapon will undoubtedly be used in close quarters, such as during a high risk foray into or near residences, police must try to prevent missed shots from over sharp and striking an innocent bystander in an adjacent room or on an adjacent floor. While some police administrators select pistol calibers for their rifles to reduce the perceived over penetration liability risk with rifle calibers, there is actually an increased liability with pistol calibers when used insi de structures.Handgun bullets, including rounds similar to NAPDs duty rounds, have been shown to penetrate further through common building materials than do rifle bullets. The fragmenting behavior of most 5. 56mm (. 223) bullets in both soft tissue and building materials, drastically limits their over penetration potential compared with that of many pistol bullets. (Roberts & Bullian 145) As suspected based on previous testing, all of the 9mm 147 gr JHP, . 40 S&W clxxx gr JHP, and . 45 ACP 230 gr JHP bullets failed to expand and had very deep, excessive penetration after leaving through the interior wall, due to plugging of the hollow point.With the hollow point plugged, the bullets performed nearly identical to FMJ pistol bullets (Roberts 23) The NAPD issues Speer brand jacketed hollow point (JHP) ammunition in both 9mm 145 grain and . 45 ACP 230 grain. In tests of hollow point projectiles shot through a simulated interior wall into bare gelatin, a 1-ounce shotgun slug had an av erage penetration of 22. 8 inches and average maximum temporary cavity of 14. 0 cm. 12 gauge 00 buckshot had an average penetration of 23. 2 inches. Average maximum temporary cavity was not measured.A 9mm 147gr JHP bullet (similar to an NAPD issued round) had an average penetration of 22. 8 inches and an average maximum temporary cavity of 2. 0 cm. A . 45 cal 230gr JHP bullet (similar to an NAPD issued round) had an average penetration of 29. 7 inches and an average maximum temporary cavity of 3. 0 cm. (Roberts 28) In these tests, all projectiles had more penetration into gelatin (a simulation of the consent of human soft tissue) after having penetrated a common interior wall than without penetrative a wall.As stated above, the drywall plugs the hollow point, causing it to function like a full metal jacket bullet. The . 223 bullets tested (various weights and configurations), on the other hand, had less penetration gelatin into after Interior Wall Penetration (Roberts 28) .223 Fed 55 gr. JSP . 223 Win 55 gr. FMJ . 45 cal. Win 230 gr. JHP 12 ga. Rem shotgun 1 oz. slug HPRS 12 ga. Rem 00 buckshot 9mm Fed 147 gr. JHP 0 Figure 2 penet rating the wall. interior Their 14. 4 16. 1 29. 7 22. 8 23. 2 22. 8 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 average maximum penetration from ranged 10. 6 inches to 16. 1 inches, their Avg.Penetration in Inches average maxi- mum temporary cavity ranged from 7. 0 cm to 14. 0 cm, and their fragmentation ranged from 11. 8% to 79. 5%. See figure 2. While some rounds still have sufficient penetration to cause a serious wound after penetrating an interior wall, their penetration is clearly less than that of the pistol calibers. (Roberts 28) The FBI has done extensive testing on the terminal ballistics of all kinds of bullets, however, they will not allow law enforcement agencies to share these statistics outside of their own agency. This is the reason why FBI testing is not cited here.While their bare gelatin testing results will be helpful for a future inte rnal study of ammunition, their penetration tests may not be helpful. Unfortunately, the testing and evaluation criteria are exactly backward relative to law enforcement use in gunfight scenarios the testing and sound judgement was designed to find ammunition that would produce substantial wound trauma after penetrating housing barriers. (MacPherson 32) The ideal round would be one that produces incapacitating wounds when striking the intended target but would not produce substantial wound trauma after penetrating walls. . . . stray 5. 56mm/. 23 bullets seem to offer a reduced risk of injuring innocent bystanders and an inherent reduced risk of civil litigation in situations where bullets miss their intended target and enter or exit structures. 5. 56mm/. 223 caliber weapons may be safer to use in CQB situations and in crowded urban environments than 9mm, . 45 S&W, or 12 ga. weapons. (Roberts 24) In another test conducted by the Joliet and spinning top Hill, Illinois police depar tments, pistol ammunition, shotgun slugs and buckshot were found to stay inbuilt after penetrating two residential walls (four pieces of drywall), while many . 223 rounds break significantly.Pistol ammunition, shotgun slugs, and buckshot represent a greater threat to mass and other officers than does several of the . 223 rounds tested. (Kerr and Wilkinson 14) More testing is needed in this area to be able to select a specific round, but it is clear that pistol caliber bullets and shotgun slugs fired inside a structure during a raid, for example, penetrate more than . 223 caliber bullets. Body Armor Penetration Unlike pistol bullets, shotgun slugs, and buckshot, rifle bullets penetrate soft body armor, which is very important if officers have to confront violent offenders wearing body armor.Recall that the suspects in the LA bank robbery shootout wore body armor. In testing published in Journal of supranational Wound ballistics Association, 9mm, . 40 S&W, and . 45 ACP bullets cocksure the 12 gauge 00 buckshot pellets failed to penetrate the body armor. The shotgun slugs did penetrate some, but not all, layers of the body armor. While they did push the armor panels into the gela- tin, simulating blunt trauma injuries, the body armor did stop the slug from entering the body in every case. Unlike the pistol calibers and shotgun slugs, all . 23 bullets frustrationed the body armor. (Roberts 24) As law enforcement officers increasingly confront criminals protected by soft body armor designed to defeat pistol bullets and shotgun pellets, the ability of the 5. 56mm/. 223 bullets to defeat soft body armor has become a significant factor. (Roberts 16) To summarize, of the three types of weapons under consideration, the . 223 caliber rifle is by far the most accurate. Because of this, its effective range is also superior to the other choices. In the area of wounding effectiveness, the . 23 caliber is, again, superior to the pistol calibers. The shotgun, at close ranges, is probably the most devastating firearm that there is. But pistol calibers and shotguns penetrate more through common building materials than the . 223 caliber bullet, which increases the chance that an innocent bystander could be seriously hurt by a missed round that penetrates a wall. Moreover, pistol caliber bullets and shotgun slugs and buckshot will not penetrate body armor, while . 223 caliber bullets will.Conclusion Since patrol officers are the first to respond to any life threatening criminal incident, however infrequent they may be, law enforcement agencies should arm them with a long gun of some kind. Anything less and they will not be adequately prepared to respond. The North Aurora Police Department Firearms Training Unit trains officers according to the Police Training Institutes philosophy and methodology, which in part says the strategic Objective of any tactical operation is to . . . diminish the potential for safeguard. Should resistance occur, overcome rapidly with minimal risk. Officers are taught to . . . create and maintain a recognizable advantage . . . (Police Training Institute) Having adequate weapons will increase the chances that responding officers can reduce the ability of the suspect to resist. If he does resist, officers will be better able to defeat his resistance quickly with the least amount of risk to themselves and others. Long guns are more intimidating to criminals and simply deploying one may win over some offenders to give up without a fight. If they do not give up, the officers will be better prepared to defend themselves.If officers confront an armed criminal with less than adequate weapons, they give up some of their tactical advantage, thereby increasing the risk to themselves and innocent bystanders. Handguns are inadequate for some situations because of their limited effective range, limited accuracy, lesser wounding ability, and higher risk of over penetration through interior walls. The . 223 calibe r rifles have less recoil, better accuracy, greater range, superior wounding ability, more favorable interior wall penetration, body armor penetration.Police agencies across the nation, including the NAPD, have been trained in rapid deployment procedures for active shooter situations such as at schools and businesses. These are necessary skills for officers to possess in society today. However, the skills and knowledge gained from these classes is not put to full use unless officers are given the correct tools for the job. trust the differences between rifles and pistols in the context of active shooter incidents. Many schools and large businesses have long hallways, some in excess of 200 feet. For example, Jewel Middle Schools longest hallway is approximately 180 feet long (60 yards).If there were an active shooter at the end of the hall shooting at students and responding officers, a body shot against the suspect would be the minimum need. Of course, this would not immediately ph ysiologically incapacitate the suspecthe or she could continue shooting for 10-15 seconds. How many more students or officers could be shot in this time? It would be optimal for officers to take a precise head shot and immediately end the suspects life threatening behavior. A pistol is incapable of making an accurate shot at that range and shooting from that far away is really spraying and praying for a hit.For these situations, the only effective weapon is one capable of accurate shots from at least 100 yards away. Recall the earlier cited maximum ranges Pistol25 yards, Shotgun with slugsless than 50 yards, Shotgun with buckshot30 yards, Pistol caliber rifle50 yards, and . 223 rifle100 yards or more. It would be tactically prudent for officers holding the perimeter of such an incident to be behind adequate cover as far away from the building as possible. Of those under consideration, the best weapon for this deputation is a rifle chambered in . 223 caliber. 223 caliber rifles are available in various weights and configuration that will limit their penetration through common interior walls to reduce the chances of an innocent bystander being seriously injured in an adjacent room. Pistol caliber bullets have been shown to penetrate more in ballistic gelatin (a simulant for human soft tissue) after penetrating a common interior. While more accurate than a pistol, pistol caliber rifles have less wounding ability than a . 223 rifle bullet. A shotgun, while superior in wounding ability, is limited in range and inferior in accuracy compared to a rifle plus it penetrates even more than pistol bullets.Think of patrol officers responding to a hostage situation where the armed suspect is holding his victim from behind and yelling, If I cant have her, then no one will. Officers are only armed with pistols and it will take at least thirty minutes for a police sniper to arrive and set up. After fifteen minutes, efforts to convince him to surrender are un happy as he gets increasingly agitate and officers believe that he is about to kill her when he starts raising the gun toward her head. Officers would be derelict in their duty if they did not use lethal force at that point.A headshot would be the only option to immediately incapacitate the suspect before he shoots the victim. Taking that shot with a pistol would be a lot less likely to be successful than the same shot with a rifle. A well-placed shot would likely end the situation successfully. A missed shot could result in the calamity of the victim being killed, either by the suspect or by the police. Granted, a situation like this is unlikely in any town, but the police should still be adequately prepared to respond. Because of the totality of the information available, it is this authors recommendation for the North Aurora Police Department to adopt . 23 ammunition for patrol rifle use. For those concerned about incurring additional liability, consider this As John Hall of the FBI pointed out in his series of articles in the FBI Journal, a firearms training program that addresses legal, operable and policy considerations will likely win in court. (Chudwin 15) Further investigating of specific . 223 rounds in various weights and configurations should be done to examine more closely their performance in both desired penetration (shooting through barriers at a suspect behind cover) situations as well as limited penetration (inside structures).If this does not produce clear enough data to make an informed choice, then the Department should conduct gelatin testing before selecting official ammunition. Rifle bullets, including the . 223 is not the magic bullet (pardon the pun) that kit and caboodle perfectly in all applications. But certain weights and configurations perform well in their intended missions and can be deployed based on the situation. ballistic testing must be done with each of the various cartridge configurations (i. e. full metal jacket, hollow point, sof t point, etc. ) in order to auge their effectiveness for the given application. This testing can usually be consistent through the Illinois Tactical Officers Association or various ammunition manufacturers for free or at a very low cost. In closing, Chief Chudwins comments sum up the need for a patrol rifle program the best In conclusion, establishing a rifle/carbine program is a positive approach to meet needed officer survival and public safety demands. From rural America to the big cities, law enforcement officers have faced violent, heavily armed offenders. Let history be our guide.There is a turn out need for the rifle/carbine as a patrol weapon. These firearms, in the hands of select well-trained officers, are a line of defense against the ultimate predators. (20) work Cited Bollig, Tim. Structural Penetration Testing. San Diego County Sheriffs Department report, Jan. 2000. Rpt. in Patrol Rifle. CD-ROM. Sept. 2002 version. Doylestown, PA National Tactical Officers Associat ion. Chudwin, Jeff. Establishing a Police Rifle/Carbine Program. The Tactical ring Winter 1999 15-20. Class survey. School of Police Staff and Command class 175 (Naperville, IL).Northwestern University Center for Public Safety. 15 Nov. 2002. DiMaio, Vincent J. M. Gunshot Wounds Practical Aspects of Firearms, Ballistics, and rhetorical Techniques. Boca Raton CRC, 1993. Elbow, Steven. Military Muscle Comes to Mayberry Capitol Times 18 Aug. 2001 5A. Fackler, Martin L. Perspectives on the . 223 Remington. Journal of the International Wound Ballistics Association. Vol. 3. 4 (19xx) 27. Holden, Richard N. Modern Police Management. Englewood Cliffs Prentiss Hall, 1994 Kerr, Patrick, and Wilkerson, Dwayne. The . 223 Remington Cartridge in anUrban Environment. ITOA News Fall 1997 10 Lesce, Tony. The Police Carbine. Law and Order Apr. 2001 27. MacPherson, Duncan. . 223 ammo for Law Enforcement. Journal of the International Wound Ballistics Association Vol. 3. 2 (19xx) 30-33. Mijares, T omas C. , Ronald M. McCarthy, and David B. Perkins. The Management of Police Specialized Tactical Units. Springfield, IL Thomas, 2000. Parker, Robert W. Police Rifles. Omaha, neon Police Department memorandum, 26 Mar. 1997. Rpt. in Patrol Rifle. CD-ROM. Sept. 2002 version.Doylestown, PA National Tactical Officers Association. Patrick, Urey W. Handgun Wounding Factors and Effectiveness. U. S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. Washington 1989. 31 Oct. 2002 . Roberts, Gary K, and Bullian, Michael E. Comparison of the Wound Ballistic Potential of 9mm vs. 5. 56mm (. 223) Cartridges for Law Enforcement admission Applications. Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners Journal Vol. 25. 2 (1993) 142-148. Appendix A Patrol Rifle survey Please fill in as much information as you know & return to Scott Buziecki. ) Department name ____________________________________ 2) Does your department allow patrol officers to carry any long guns in their pat