The Prioress Tale :: essays research papers

The Prioress TaleProloguePrioress, now it is your time,Speak up loud, be not a mime.Fine then, Ill tell you a tale from my mother,Twill be unique, unlike any other.My story will teach you change isnt faithful,Understand it you will, figure out you better it should. The Talecrosswise the town and down the streetPeople stopped to sample his delicious treatSweet, thick and full of custardy goodnessThere was a man, not Elliot mantleWho fulfilled the Bronxs pudding needs.A fat man, he was, pudding was his seedTo plant on the earth to grow.The lunch rush on Monday was sooner slow,But Pudding serviceman kfresh not what to do.So he shut down his shop and put on his shoeAnd walked right home and started to nap,He fell asleep quick, unlike dripping maple sap.All of a sudden something made him scream,Was it a seizure, no it was just a dream.The dream inspired him to rethink his lifeShould he shut down his shop or kill himself with a knife?No, Pudding human beings thought to himself,Just remodel the shop and add some new shelves.Change his motion picture and his shops image too, Add new flavors of pudding, none tasting like poo.The next day Pudding Man began his plan,New recipes, new store front, new sign that read Pudding Man.Even with the new image, no business came.In fact his new image was incredibly lame.Then Pudding Man began to think,Appeal to new clients, along the lines of a mink.Ill cater to animals of all different kind,Ill make new recipes that I think up in the mind.Scour the world is what Pudding Man did, Looking for new ingredients, like Beruitan Malkafid,Venezuelan Tapioca and Chinese Vanilla Bean,Would make his pudding quite peachy keen.And for decoration add a bone or catnip His pudding was so good, his dog licked his lip.Pudding Man thought to himself, I dont know what I should,Oh well, Ill make it up, just knock on wood.He opened for business at a quarter to eight,He arrived early, not to be late. The first customer strolled in at 746,Hoping fo r goo business, he prayed not for a jinx.The customer brought in his pet porcupine.My pet pine likes pudding, and yours looks quite fine.The man told our jovial Pudding Man. So,He ordered a bowl of Mongolian Poe.What is exactly Poe, my good fellow?Pudding Man didnt know but he acted quite mellow.Ummmmmit tastes likes a mixture of apples and grapes.But what Pudding Man didnt know, is that Poe was the snout of apes.

Henry Cavendish: The Shy Scientist Essay -- Science, Biography

Henry Cavendish The Shy ScientistHenry Cavendish was born October 10, 1731 in Nice, France. His mother, Lady Anne Grey was the daughter of the first Duke of Kent era his father Lord Charles Cavendish, was second Duke of Devonshire. His ancestry links back to many of the aristocratic families in Great Britain. The chemist/physicist is most accredited for the discovery of hydrogen, the combustible air and measuring the Earths density, but he also researched and discovered many other important scientific revolutions.Henry was described as being a very silent and solitary individual. Many called him eccentric and some believe Asperger Syndrome was the root of his behavior. He was shy of strangers and especially shy of women, so much that he only conversed with his female servants by notes. At one point he had a back staircase added onto his house to avoid his housekeeper. This unobtrusiveness did not allow him to have close or personal relationships to those outside of his family. He dressed from the previous century wearing an old faded velvet-textured coat and a three-cornered hat. When he did talk he spoke in a squeaky voice and with difficulty. His single social outlet was his social status in the Royal Society Club, in which members dined together before their weekly meetings. Cavendish rarely missed these meetings and was highly respected by his colleagues. Although admired, those who sought his intelligence were oft given a response of a mumble or a vacant reply as Cavendish dashed off to find a more than peaceful area.Henry Cavendish began attendance to the University of Cambridge in St. Petes College on November 24, 1749 at the age of 18. On February 23, 1753, four years later, he left the university without graduating. After ex... ... the church now named Derby Cathedral and was honored by having the road he lived on named after him. William Cavendish the 7th Duke of Devonshire, Henry Cavendish later relative, donated the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge. works CitedWikipedia The Free Encyclopedia. Henry Cavendish. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cavendish Dec. 1, 2011Bruce Mattson. Henry Cavendish 1731-1810. History of Gas Chemistry. Updated September 25, 2001. Retrieved December 1, 2011Henry Cavendish. Famous Scientists. http//www.famousscientists.org/henry-cavendish/. Retrieved Dec. 1, 2011chemistry.mtu.edu/pcharles/SCIHISTORY/HenryCavendish.html. Updated Oct. 30,1997. Retrieved Dec. 1, 2011Eric Weisstein. Cavendish, Henry (1731-1810. Wolfram Research.1996-2007 Eric W. Weisstein. http//scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Cavendish.html

The Opposing Goals of Comfort and Power in Shakespeares Macbeth :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

The Opposing Goals of Comfort and Power in Macbeth race have a hard time getting what they want in fact, the things they want can be incompatible with each other and any endeavour to reach hotshot of these goals hurt the other. In William Shakespeares Macbeth (1606), the protagonist is lured to murder the king, Duncan, by the desire for condition, an appetite whetted by witchs prophecies and his wifes encouragement. But when he reaches the kingship, he finds himself insecure. He attempts to remove threats that decrease his security, including his companion Banquo and his son Fleance, prophesied to be king. His lords grow angry and revolt successfully, after witches lure Macbeth into a false smack of security by further foretelling. In Macbeth, we see that, despite appearances of paradox, mans goals of comfort and power are forever debate in increment, though the two may decline together. The power from write outledge causes discomfort. As often has been said, ignorance is bl iss. after(prenominal) Macbeth is promised the throne, Banquo asks why Macbeth is less than ecstatic. Good sir, why do you start, and seem to vexation / Things that do sound so fair? (Act I, shaft 3, p. 332) Macbeths new knowledge makes him uncomfortable, as he realizes the implications. His first thoughts considering murdering Duncan appear, and he is scared. After he commits the murder, Macbeth says, To know my deed, twere best not know myself. (Act II, Scene 2, p. 347) Knowing that has committed such a vile act makes him uncomfortable. It will be exhausting to act absolved and to deal with his guilt. When he later decides to murder Banquo and Fleance, he tells his wife, Be innocent of the knowledge, dearest chuck, / Till thou applaud the deed. (Act III, Scene 2, p. 359) Hecate sets Macbeth up for his final fall, explaining her strategy, As by the strength of their illusionShall draw him on to his confusion.He shall spurn fate, scorn death, and bearHis hopes bove wisdom, gra ce, and fear.And you all know securityIs mortals chiefest enemy. (Act III, Scene 5, p. 365) The security provided by the second set of predictions is only fleeting. Feeling there is no threat to his power, Macbeth acts wildly, bringing his downfall and loss of both comfort and security. The business with knowledge was that it was power resulting in a decline in comfort.The Opposing Goals of Comfort and Power in Shakespeares Macbeth GCSE English Literature CourseworkThe Opposing Goals of Comfort and Power in Macbeth People have a hard time getting what they want in fact, the things they want can be incompatible with each other and any attempt to reach one of these goals hurt the other. In William Shakespeares Macbeth (1606), the protagonist is lured to murder the king, Duncan, by the desire for power, an appetite whetted by witchs prophecies and his wifes encouragement. But when he reaches the kingship, he finds himself insecure. He attempts to remove threats that decrease his s ecurity, including his companion Banquo and his son Fleance, prophesied to be king. His lords grow angry and revolt successfully, after witches lure Macbeth into a false sense of security by further foretelling. In Macbeth, we see that, despite appearances of paradox, mans goals of comfort and power are forever opposed in increment, though the two may decline together. The power from knowledge causes discomfort. As often has been said, ignorance is bliss. After Macbeth is promised the throne, Banquo asks why Macbeth is less than ecstatic. Good sir, why do you start, and seem to fear / Things that do sound so fair? (Act I, Scene 3, p. 332) Macbeths new knowledge makes him uncomfortable, as he realizes the implications. His first thoughts considering murdering Duncan appear, and he is scared. After he commits the murder, Macbeth says, To know my deed, twere best not know myself. (Act II, Scene 2, p. 347) Knowing that has committed such a vile act makes him uncomfortable. It will be d ifficult to act innocent and to deal with his guilt. When he later decides to murder Banquo and Fleance, he tells his wife, Be innocent of the knowledge, dearest chuck, / Till thou applaud the deed. (Act III, Scene 2, p. 359) Hecate sets Macbeth up for his final fall, explaining her strategy, As by the strength of their illusionShall draw him on to his confusion.He shall spurn fate, scorn death, and bearHis hopes bove wisdom, grace, and fear.And you all know securityIs mortals chiefest enemy. (Act III, Scene 5, p. 365) The security provided by the second set of predictions is only fleeting. Feeling there is no threat to his power, Macbeth acts wildly, bringing his downfall and loss of both comfort and security. The problem with knowledge was that it was power resulting in a decline in comfort.

Here Follows Some Verses :: essays research papers

Here Follows Some Verses...In all of Anne Bradstreets poem that we have read, she has taken an experienceof hers and then dissected and related it to Christian and, more generally, Puritan merits. Here Follows Some Verses, is no exception. After the burning of her mansion 1666,Bradstreet wrote this poem. It expresses her longing for the house and the possessionsthat were consumed in the fire. The poem also shows the pens solid faith in divinity. There is a minor conflict surrounded by her religious merits and her connection with her lostitems (namely her house). This conflict spurs questions that irk analysis of theology. However, they are resolved before the end of the poem. The beginning of the poem is a wake up call. Bradstreet introduces the fire earlyin the poem, jolting our attention. She does this so that the sense of urgency she felt isconvey to the reader. The first thought that comes to Bradstreets mind is to ask God forhelp, And not leave her succorless. This was her first and, for her, most naturalreaction to distress. Once she had escaped the house, she said that it was Gods will forthe house to burn. From this we see that the author is a pious woman with solid faith.Soon after, we see that Bradstreet has a less religious side to her personality. After escaping from the house and looking at the ashes where her kinsperson once stood, shebegins to long for the material possessions consumed in the fire. The flow of the poem changes from shocking to sad when the Bradstreet surveysthe site and wherever she looks has memories of the things that once used to be there. There is a lot of repetition at this point. The words no and nor are repeated several timesbetween lines 28 and 34, stressing her pining for her home and the memories that shewill neer have. The superficial side of Bradstreet shows itself for only a short time, however. Sheaccepts the fire as an act of God.

No Love Lost Essay -- Literary Analysis, A Doll’s House

For a play about marriage A Dolls House does not have much cognize in it. All of the characters claim to love each early(a), but are really concealing other emotions. The expectations of society have forced them into love that they do not feel. This false love is what causes them to fall apart in the end. The play is riddled with marriages that are born(p) out of thingmajig or expectation rather than love. Every character only loves in ways that they are expected to, and only continue to love for conveniences sake. There is no love in A Dolls House.Torvald treats Nora as a child, not an equal he is not really in love with her. The most glaring examples of this are his pet names for her. He likes to think of her as a small, delicate creature that involve saving and protecting. Although this may seem like normal fare for a loving marriage, he takes it too far. Nora is not the type of woman that appreciates this sort of treatment, so it turns from affectionate to demeaning. He thi nks that demeaning his wife is not only acceptable, but normal for a consanguinity saying I wouldnt be a man if your feminine vulnerability didnt make you doubly attractive to me(82). This is not a good base for their relationship, as it prevents him from giving Nora the kind of upkeep that she need. She does not need the kind of doting attention that he gives her, she wants to talk as an equal. She want to be bothered with all sorts of problems she couldnt possibly helped him to bang with(84) as that would allow her to help her with his life, and give them the kind of relationship that Nora needs to survive. He does not love her, he loves treating her this way. As a matter of fact, Nora describes his relationship with her best, when she says... ... hell be able to find a way to redeem himself in peoples eyes(69). He does not love her, he needs the social support. They have found each other after having being lost for many years, but it is not a romantic reunion. It is a comp utation on both of their parts for their own greater individual happiness.A Dolls House contains many relationships, but all of them are bad. From convenience to infatuation, Ibsens work seems to be a manual on bad reasons to love someone. Every single character has some personalized version of love, and no(prenominal) of them seem to bear any resemblance to real love. Whether they find it convenient to love for respect or because love was their only choice at the time, none of them know real love. It is as though Ibsen wanted to show how some of the many reasons for love at the time were wrong and would lead to problems later in life.

No Love Lost Essay -- Literary Analysis, A Doll’s House

For a play about marriage A Dolls House does non shake off much love in it. All of the characters claim to love each other, but are legitimately concealing other emotions. The expectations of society guide forced them into love that they do not feel. This false love is what causes them to fall apart in the end. The play is riddled with marriages that are born out of dodge or expectation rather than love. Every character only loves in ways that they are expected to, and only continue to love for conveniences sake. There is no love in A Dolls House.Torvald treats Nora as a child, not an equal he is not really in love with her. The most glaring examples of this are his pet names for her. He likes to think of her as a small, delicate creature that haves saving and protecting. Although this whitethorn seem like normal fare for a loving marriage, he takes it too far. Nora is not the type of woman that appreciates this sort of treatment, so it turns from affectionate to demeaning. He thinks that demeaning his wife is not only accept able, but normal for a relationship saying I wouldnt be a man if your female vulnerability didnt make you doubly attractive to me(82). This is not a good base for their relationship, as it prevents him from giving Nora the kind of attention that she needs. She does not need the kind of doting attention that he gives her, she wants to talk as an equal. She want to be some(prenominal)ered with all sorts of problems she couldnt possibly helped him to cope with(84) as that would take her to help her with his life, and give them the kind of relationship that Nora needs to survive. He does not love her, he loves treating her this way. As a matter of fact, Nora describes his relationship with her best, when she says... ... hell be able to find a way to redeem himself in peoples eyes(69). He does not love her, he needs the social support. They have found each other after having being lost for many years, but it is not a romantic reuni on. It is a calculation on both of their parts for their own greater individual happiness.A Dolls House contains many relationships, but all of them are bad. From convenience to infatuation, Ibsens civilize seems to be a manual on bad reasons to love someone. Every single character has some personalized version of love, and none of them seem to remain firm any resemblance to real love. Whether they find it convenient to love for respect or because love was their only choice at the time, none of them know real love. It is as though Ibsen wanted to show how some of the many reasons for love at the time were wrong and would lead to problems later in life.

Psychology of Adolescence Essay

BoysTown is a registered charity and a national organization for youth welfare in Australia. It focuses on boostering disfavor youths who are at risk of sociable elimination to enhance their quality of demeanor ( jejuneness genial). It recognizes several causes of affable exclusion among deprived youths that pauperisation to be addressed, which include single parenthood, low self-esteem, physical and mental wellness problems, substance abuse, lack of work experience, executeal illiteracy, and underdeveloped personal and vocational skills (Youth amicable).BoysTown also recognizes that most of the disadvantage youths came from families who hand a history of intergenerational un conflict and welfare dependency and from Indigenous backgrounds (Youth social). BoysTown offers several social cellular inclusion programs to help disadvantage youths to improve their life. The programs include Kids Helpline, Youth Programs, Indigenous community development, Family programs, and Interm ediate labor markets.The key attribute of these programs is that they emphasized sustainable outcomes while they trust on safe strategies for working with youths who are at risk of social exclusion (Youth social). BoysTowns Kids Helpline is a national telephone and web-based focal point program that provides services for more than 60,000 children and youths across the country. The Youth programs offer personal development, training and employment assistance to more than 3,500 youths in communities.BoysTown is collaborating with key stakeholders to work on a social inclusion project with four remote Indigenous communities in the East Kimberleys (Youth social). It also provides parenting programs and family refuges such as home-based deliver and training to make way for the transition of disadvantaged youths to the wider world (Youth social). The organization also operates various social enterprises and transitional employment programs in order to provide 400 youths per year with p aid work and on-the-job training.There are various indicators that demonstrate the degree of social exclusion suffered by families and children, which include low-birth-weight babies, permanent exclusion from school, the number of children living in unemployed households, teenage pregnancy, low academic achievement, and the number of children aged 10-16 who are in juvenility offender institutions (Pierson, 2002). The indicators of social exclusion at the level of community include overcrowded housing, a gritty percentage of households without a bank account, poor community participation, and high levels of burglaries (Pierson, 2002).The key forces that increases the likelihood of social exclusion are poverty and low income, lack of social supports and networks, lack of access to the labor market, the impact of the local neighborhood, and exclusion from services (Pierson, 2002). Pierson (2002) suggests ways to address social exclusion, which include maximizing income and securing b asic resources improving social networks and supports collaborating in partnership with local organizations and agencies developing channels of efficient participation for users, local residents, and their organizations and concentrating on whole neighborhoods.Socially excluded youths have a significant cost impact on society in terms of publicly-funded health services, justice system and social security costs, and the impact of decreased one-on-one earning capacity, lost productivity, and decreased tax revenue (Youth social). The Australian governing is investing in developing the capability of the not-for-profit organization to provide more holistic, community-based strategies to respond to social exclusion, especially among three-year-old people (Youth social).Models of discourse must be multi-dimensional and aimed at providing adolescent people with a comprehensive range of support over an extended period of time (Youth social). They should also be based on a holistic app eal in order for small people to overpower personal barriers improve their strengths, health, well-being, life and interpersonal skills develop their self-esteem and the ability to learn and succeed in shifting to independent living, training or work, and further education (Youth social).BoysTowns Youth programs are effective in helping youths who are at risk of social exclusion because they incorporate individual assessment, counseling, and support, life skills training, personal development and mentoring vocational skills training, employment assistance and post-placement support (Youth social). Young people must be provided assistance into paid employment by giving advice, training and other help that they need to make them more employable (Kemp, 2005).Focusing on individual agency such as one-year-old peoples attributes, qualifications, decision-making, and behavior allows late people to successfully transition from welfare to work (Kemp, 2005). The Kids Helpline at BoysTown is similar to a mentoring program that helps disadvantaged young people to tackle social exclusion. Mentoring consists of an informal educative role and personal support and encouragement (Pierson, 2002). Mentor acts as a trusted counselor or guide (Pierson, 2002).The goal of a mentoring or counseling program is to connect two individuals in a one to one voluntary relationship, with one individual being more experienced than the other and with the hope that their knowledge and skills will be transferred (Pierson, 2002). The key features of a mentoring relationship include a voluntary governance as required by the individual being mentored and can be ended by either party at any time, interpersonal skills of mentors to exercise and monitor the relationship, and the understanding of both mentored and mentors about the boundaries and objective of the relationship (Pierson, 2002).Colley (2003) mentions the popularity of mentoring with policy-makers because it addresses their concerns such as the moralization of social exclusion. The indite adds that the solution to social exclusion of young people depends on their re-engagement with the labor market and/or formal learning routes. The key role of mentoring is to provide a way for the re-engagement by changing young peoples values, beliefs, attitudes, and behavior to engage their personal commitment to become employable (Colley, 2003).Mentoring helps young people in terms of empowering them, discussing aspirations, and making them more true-to-life(prenominal) about their view of work (Colley, 2003). It is also important to assist young people to attain skills in areas such as confidence building, problem solving, progress of interpersonal skills, punctuality, and team working in order to enhance their personal effectiveness in the workplace (Colley, 2003).Moreover, mentoring is also important to help disadvantaged young people develop social networks and capital (Colley, 2003). It is necessary to create initiat ives that involve young people not only in making decisions that affect them one after another or on particular services but also in making decisions that influence their communities collectively (Pierson, 2002). Organizations led by young people tender an important role in defining services and provide practical support for young persons (Pierson, 2002).The aim of the Indigenous community development at BoysTown is to help young people to re-engage in learning increase community involvement in formal education and training enhance access to sustainable mainstream employment opportunities and develop training and work opportunities through community-based social business enterprises (Youth social). According to Pierson (2002), adolescent support teams have emerged rapidly during the early 1990s.The generator adds that the aim of adolescent support teams is to divert youths from the care system and offer short-term preventive service that assists families prevent problems in relat ionships that might result to homelessness. The approach used by the adolescent support teams is preventive and based on time-limited, task-focused work (Pierson, 2002). Most of the work of the adolescent support teams involves negotiation and mediation betwixt young people and parents (Pierson, 2002).BoysTown enterprises are involved in several community infrastructure development, asset maintenance, and urban renewal projects in disadvantaged areas (Youth social). Enterprise-based intermediate labor markets are effective in minimizing crime and anti-social behavior and in helping young people who are socially excluded to engage once again with the labor market (Youth social). According to Aiken (2007), social enterprises are considered mission-driven organizations with a commitment to a specific disadvantaged group.The author adds that placement agencies function as intermediaries in searching and training people to move into work in the mainstream labor market. Social enterpris es have often focused on the needs of socially excluded client groups (Aiken, 2007). Aiken (2007) mentions that the origin of social and community enterprises can be found in the mutual and cooperative sector in Great Britain. The author adds that the emergence of this movement has resulted to an important pattern which has focused on the economic development of poorer communities, including the importance of maintaining paid work.Intermediate Labor Market organizations focus on short-term training and employment with the goal of trainees transitioning into paid work in other organizations (Aiken, 2007). They may be working with disadvantaged people and will have a tendency to be reliant on some degree of public sector contracting. References Aiken, M. (2007). What is the role of social enterprise in finding, creating and maintaining employment? for disadvantaged groups? Retrieved June 14, 2009, from http//www. parracity. nsw. gov. au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/22575/Cabinet_Offic eColley, Helen (2003). Mentoring for social inclusion A critical approach to nurturing mentor relationships. New York, NY Routledge. Kemp, P. A. (2005) Young people and unemployment From welfare to workfare. In M. Barry (Ed. ), Youth policy and social inclusion critical debates with young people (pp. 139-156). New York, NY Routledge. Pierson, J. (2002). Tackling social exclusion. New York, NY Routledge. Youth social exclusion A global concern. Retrieved June 14, 2009, from http//www. boystown. com. au/downloads/rep/BT-Youth-Social-Exclusion. pdf

Muscular Dystrophy

This paper intends to define tidy muscular dystrophy, enumerate whatever of the most common kinds, state its characteristics or symptoms, indicate the tests, treatment as wellhead as its prognosis earlier finally reintroducing its complications and prevention.Muscular muscular dystrophy DefinedMuscular Dystrophy is rattling still of thirty plus genetic diseases (National.., 2007). Otherwise known as inherited myopathy, Muscular Dystrophy includes the pursuance inherited sickness or medical conditions 1) Beckers muscular dystrophy 2) Duchenne muscular dystrophy 3) Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy 4) Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 5) Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 6) Myotonic Dystrophy and 7) Myotonia Congenita (Kantor, 2006). Furthermore, Muscular Dystrophys characteristics include the fol depressive disordering 1) feeling weak 2) losing control of skeletal ponderousnesss as well as 3) affecting all ages (National.., 2007).Kinds of Muscular DystrophyThe kinds of Mus cular Dystrophy be the following1) Duchenne Muscular DystrophyThis kind occurs in approximately three out of three thousand five hundred boys (The.., 2007). It happens when the genes are ineffectual to produce dystrophin which is responsible for the strength of the muscles (The.., 2007). This kind emerges at the age of 5 and by 12, the patient is expected to use a wheelchair (The.., 2007). First, their pelvic muscles are affected, and following that, his or her raises, back, arms, as well as, legs will be the next (The.., 2007). With this kind of Muscular Dystrophy, a person will only live for approximately cardinal years (The.., 2007).2) Becker Muscular DystrophyThis kind happens in one in every 30,000 boys and just like the counterbalance kins, it is likewise due to the absence of dystrophin (The.., 2007). However, it is milder than the first and that patients suffering from it whitethorn live without a wheelchair (The.., 2007).3) Myotonic DystrophyThis is caused by a gene th at should not be as large as it is (The.., 2007). It occurs before a person turns twenty years old (The.., 2007). Its major symptoms include the following weakening & shrinking of the muscles (The.., 2007).4) Limb-Girdle Muscular DystrophyThis kind emerges in two genders (Limb.., 2006). The muscles in the back, pelvis, as well as, shoulders are usually affected in this kind (Limb.., 2006).5) Facioscapulohumeral Muscular DystrophyWith this kind, weakening of the muscles begin in the face, then the shoulder and back comes next, and finally the muscles located in the legs and pelvis may lose strength (Muscular.., 2006).SymptomsFor Muscular Dystrophy, the symptoms are the followingFirst of all is weakness of the muscles which actually gets worse gradually (Kantor, 2006). This is very much noticeable especially if the patient suffering from it experiences recurrent and numerous falls (Kantor, 2006). In addition to that, the patient may be confronted with interrupted development of what is technically referred to as muscular motor skills (Kantor, 2006). Moreover, if the patient is already delayed in base on balls or if he or she experiences problems with walking then it is highly possible that he or she suffers from Muscular Dystrophy (Kantor, 2006).Furthermore, if the patient finds it difficult to utilize even just one of the muscle groups, then it is time to ask the doctor to check on the patient to confirm occurrence and emergence of Muscular Dystrophy (Kantor, 2006). Also, the patient who has Muscular Dystrophy will experience drooping of the eyelid (Kantor, 2006). Last besides not least, the patient suffering from Muscular Dystrophy will exhibit drooling as well (Kantor, 2006).Secondly, there are types of Muscular Dystrophy wherein a patient may signify mental retardation (Kantor, 2006).Thirdly, Muscular Dystrophy patients also suffer from low muscle tone or that which is technically referred to as hypotonia (Kantor, 2006).Fourthly, a patient who is diagnosed to confound Muscular Dystrophy exhibits joint contractures like clubfoot, clawhand, etc (Kantor, 2006).Last but not least, someone who has Muscular Dystrophy may also have a spine thats curved which means that he or she also has scoliosis (Kantor, 2006).TestsFor Muscular Dystrophy to be diagnosed as a medical condition suffered from by the patient, there are several tests that could be carried out and some of these are the followingFirst in the list is to have a physical examination including a look at the patients medical accounting (Kantor, 2006).The second one is to undergo muscle biopsy (Kantor, 2006). This will already confirm if the patient indeed suffers from Muscular Dystrophy (Kantor, 2006).The third is to perform what is technically referred to as Serum CPK (Kantor, 2006).The fourth is for the patient to be checked and tested through electromyography or EMG, for short (Kantor, 2006).Last but not least is for the patient to go through ECG or electrocardiography (Kantor, 2006).Other tests that the patient could go through to confirm Muscular Dystrophy include the following 1) Aldolase 2) AST 3) Creatinine 4) LDH and 5) Myoglobin (Kantor, 2006).TreatmentUnfortunately, experts have yet to discover ways on how to address this particular medical condition (Kantor, 2006). However, they presented techniques on how to manage the symptoms exhibited by the patients diagnosed to have Muscular Dystrophy (Kantor, 2006). both(prenominal) of these are the followingFirst of all, physical therapy may be carried out to help sustain the strength of the muscles, as well as, in keeping the muscles operational (Kantor, 2006).Second is the utilization of braces and wheelchair (Kantor, 2006). This enables the patient to do some of the things on his or her own, for instance, moving around etc (Kantor, 2006).Third is for the patient to undergo spine or leg surgery (Kantor, 2006). This action may keep, if not improve the functions of the aforementioned parts of the body (Ka ntor, 2006).Fourth, some doctors prescribe corticosteroids to children so as to keep them walking (Kantor, 2006).Fifth, medical experts advice that patients suffering from Muscular Dystrophy should avoid complete inactivity since this will make the condition much worse (Kantor, 2006). They should try to move or be active as much as possible (Kantor, 2006).PrognosisMuscular Dystrophies worsen as time goes by and this goes for all kinds (Kantor, 2006). However, how severe it is dwells on the kind of Muscular Dystrophy suffered from by the patient (Kantor, 2006). How fast it occurs also depends upon its kind and on the person suffering from it (Kantor, 2006). There are also some kinds of Muscular Dystrophy which have been proven as fatal (Kantor, 2006).ComplicationsMuscular Dystrophy also has some complications and these are 1) cardiomyopathy decreased ability to deal care of oneself decreased mobility failure of the respiratory system joint contractures mental disability as well as, scoliosis (Kantor, 2006).PreventionMedical experts say that in cases where a family member from the previous generations had Muscular Dystrophy, the members from the current generation should seek for what is technically referred to as genetic counseling (Kantor, 2006).ReferencesKantor, D. (2006). Muscular Dystrophy. Retrieved May 6, 2007 fromhttp//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001190.htmLimb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy. (2006). Retrieved May 6, 2007 fromhttp//www.emedicine.com/PMR/topic65.htmMuscular Dystrophy Association. (2006). Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy.Retrieved May 6, 2007 fromhttp//www.mdausa.org/disease/fshd.htmlNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. (2007). Muscular Dystrophy.Retrieved May 6, 2007 fromhttp//www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/md/md.htmThe Nemours Foundation. (2007). Muscular Dystrophy. Retrieved May 6, 2007 fromhttp//www.kidshealth.org/ cite/medical/bones/muscular_dystrophy.html

How To Prevent Snacth Theives

Be alert and aware This has been said countless times but it must be reiterated that you can never be to a fault careful. You contain to be aware of your surroundings and if ever in doubt, listen to your hunch. Theres a reason why its called a womans instinct. Do not compromise on your safety.Avoid easy target areas Snatch thefts are usually committed in dark and delinquent roadstead or alleys. This also applies to lift landing. If youre coming home late whether by walking or driving, try to get someone to wait for you. And dont take shortcuts, they are usually quiet and deserted.Change your habits Do not wear expensive jewellery and display it publicly, avoid talking or texting piece walking down the street, try to walk against the flow of traffic so that you can see any oncoming danger and if driving, always toss away the doors after you get in.Be bag savvy Clasp bags securely under your arms and never permit it hang off your shoulder to avoid organism dragged if youre r ob by a bike-riding thief. Never leave your handbag or wallet in plain view for everyone to see, most especially in the car.Separate the important It is advisable to keep your IC, driving license and banks cards in a pocket or separate pouch. If the thief demands for your valuables, hand them over and if possible, deem them away from you. Your life is worth much more than your possessions.In vitrines of emergency, smartphones users are now able to download an app called MyDistress which is available for both iPhone and Android. The app is linked directly to PDRM and provides immediate serving the moment you activate the distress call, this is done by sending out an alert through your phone.There some very simple tips that could betray the difference in the midst of being a potential target and being safe. Avoid quiet roadsThe streets of Johor Baru tend to be quieter as you leave the city centre. While most roads are lit, some have dark areas.There are many side roads ideal for those lying in wait.Taking short cuts through dark alleys or poorly-lit roads should also be avoided because you just never know who may be lurking in the shadows.Keep valuables hiddenIts common to see female pillion riders with handbags slung to one side while at the same time hanging on to the rider for support. Riders also like to use waist pouches to keep their valuables. If you have a box or stash space under your seat, use it.Keep bags away from your sides and place them in the centre or between yourself and your pillion. Practise putting your wallet in the expect pocket instead of your rear one. Remember, a snatch thief only has one pass to steal from you. If your valuables are out of the way, it will only make it harder for him to target you.Watch the watcherIf youre at a coffee shop waiting for your motorbike to be serviced, take note of those around you. Are there others paying too much attention to you?When you make a move to start your motorcycle, do you see them doing the same? If so, hold on to your horses.Tell the restaurant owner or a passing cop about your suspicions. Your actions could discourage a would-be snatch thief.Ride alertAs a rider you should be conscious of the vehicles around you. Using your mirrors, you will be able to tell if youre being tailed, or if another vehicle is too close to you. If you feel your space is being invaded, break away or let the person overtake. But first you must be mindful of leaving a gap between yourself and the next rider just in case an arm or a leg stretches out to greet you. When riding in a convoy, look out for other riders in your group, who may need help in case of an emergency. Making a run for it on your motorcycle could be an option, but do so carefully. Head to crowded areas, or if possible ride straight to the police station.

Multiple Sclerosis Research essay Essay

More than 2.3 million cat valiumwealth are diagnosed with quadruple Sclerosis worldwide. There are currently 250,000 to 350,000 people in the United States diagnosed with two-fold sclerosis. And about 200 new cases are diagnosed every week (Multiple Sclerosis FAQs). Neurologists prescribe these patients with corticosteroids, either oral or with IV. Although scientists have found no cure to quaternary sclerosis, corticosteroids have been wontd to successfully treat retrogrades and potentially stop progressive-relapsing and relapsing-remitting fourfold sclerosis.To start off with, aggregate sclerosis is a disease of the central nervous system. It damages the protective coating around the nerve fibers that sends messages to all parts of your body controlling muscular tissue and centripetal activity. It is an autoimmune disease, this is when your bodys own immune system attacks itself. As the damage to protective coating around the nerve fibers increase, it becomes a offset known as demyelination where the coating is destroyed. These nerves then become less and less capable at sending messages. As the messages escape they become weaker, direct to difficulty in controlling muscles in several(predicate) parts of your body.Even when damage occurs to the myelin, it sometimes repairs through internal body repair devices. Described as inflammation at the site of the damage becomes less over time. The rate at which the myelin is damaged is faster than the rate at which repair happens, so the damage becomes more throughout the central nervous system. This damage is known as lesions that take the form of patchyscarring (Managing Your ). Patients and doctors together recognize what the disease does and how it affects your body still they acknowledge that corticosteroids treat the inflammation and reduce that inflammation.Furthermore, at that place are some patterns, anyone can develop ternary sclerosis. More women than men have triplex sclerosis and the pe rcentage keeps increasing as years go by. There is no direct evidence that nine-fold sclerosis is inherited. Some studies suggest environmental factors, like low Vitamin D have increased the risk of multiple sclerosis. Multiple sclerosis occurs in all ethnic groups, but is most common in Caucasians of European ancestry. When men and women develop multiple sclerosis it coarsely takes a long time to diagnose. In the early stages of multiple sclerosis, symptoms multiple sclerosis suggest several diseases of the nervous system. Magnetic resonance imaging help give a definite diagnoses since on that point is no laboratory test usable to diagnose multiple sclerosis (Multiple Sclerosis FAQs). As you can see, this means anyone, even if no one in your family has multiple sclerosis, can develop it.Secondly, there are several different symptoms multiple sclerosis that develop when you have multiple sclerosis. Symptoms multiple sclerosis are different for every person usual symptoms multipl e sclerosis of relapses include optic neuritis, limb weakness, numbness, imbalance, light-headedness, and loss of facial strength. In more serious multiple sclerosis, such as in progressive-relapsing multiple sclerosis, symptoms multiple sclerosis include fatigue, and depression. Relapses usually range from years to weeks and self-fixed around weeks to months. Neurologists use Corticosteroids for selected relapses that have reoccurring symptoms multiple sclerosis and increasingly get worse through-out the relapse. virtually fifty percent of neurologists use them for all relapses (Mechanistic Insights). This states that even patient that have the same type of multiple sclerosis as you, you may have different symptoms multiple sclerosis and be given different treatments for your relapses, dependent on how sever they may be.Finally, steroids in general are found naturally in plants and animals, butcorticosteroids are those particular steroids released into the bloodstream by the adre nal gland. People with multiple sclerosis relapses who are being treated with corticosteroids show that the corticosteroids work by decreasing the levels of the depraved immune substances and by making the cell membranes of the white cells more flexible and less sticky. Other evidence suggests that there is also an personnel on the way the brain interprets the messages coming to it from the bodys nerves. MRI studies also show that corticosteroids significantly decrease the amount of swelling around respective(prenominal) multiple sclerosis lesions, causing better nerve transmission through these affected areas (Steroids). As this states, corticosteroids are found in the human body and advertize the relapses quicker and faster to a safer recover time than in other treatments commonly used like placebo.Furthermore, Corticosteroids are proved not to cure multiple sclerosis but to treat mild relapses. The symptoms of multiple sclerosis they can be treat with Corticosteroids usually c onsist of tingling in the absence of sensory loss. One major study done by N. M. Milligan, a researcher at University Hospital of Wales, stated that, 50 patients received methylprednisolone 500mg intravenously for five days or inactive placebo.carried out at 1 to 4 weeks.73 percent of methylprednisolone-treated patients improved compared with 29 percent of methylprednisolone-treated of those on placebo. The group he tested on contained both relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and Chronic progressive multiple sclerosis, both these patients benefited from methylprednisolone. This study made neurologists, around the world, to start prescribing intravenously methylprednisolone for relapses. One other fairly major study done by Finn Sellebjerg, a professor of neurology at the University of Copenhagen and chief physician at Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, gave 51 patients enduring a relapse less than four weeks to receive oral placebo or oral prednisolone (Corticosteroids) 500mg per day for five days.Results of Sellebjerg states 1, 3, and 8 weeks, 4 percent, 24 percent, and 32 percent in the placebo group and 31 percent, 54 percent, and 65 percent in the prednisolone group improved one point on the Kurtzke Scale score these patients also stated that their symptoms multiple sclerosis improved much more with the steroids at 3 and 8 weeks (Steroids).This states that in most cases, corticosteroids take in patients with shorter relapses times, no side effects when used short term, and reduces the symptoms effect on the patients work time, wither they can or cannot work, during the duration of that relapse compared with placebo, which in most cases, does not have an effect on the patients recovery time, does have miner side effects when even used short term, and does not reduce the symptoms effect on the patients capability to work during the relapses. As you can see, both of these studies prove that corticosteroids are the best treatment to use during or after to manage a relapse.All and all, Corticosteroids may not be the cure for multiple sclerosis but it does help the relapses end faster. It makes it so that people can go back to work and ends relapses faster. It also lets patients potentially stop their progressive-relapsing and relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. As a daughter of a mother that has multiple sclerosis, Im asking you to spread the word of corticosteroid treatment to those who have multiple sclerosis.Works CitedKrieger, Stephen, et al. Mechanistic Insights into Corticosteroids in Multiple Sclerosis struggleHorse or Chameleon? _Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery._ 119 (2014) 6-16._Elservier._ Web. 2 September 2014.In Stephen Kriegers persuasive article Mechanistic Insights into Corticosteroids in Multiple Sclerosis struggle Horse or Chameleon? he discuss cellular, systemic, and clinical characteristics that might contribute to intended and unintended CS effects when utilizing doses in clinical practice. The death of this article is to consider recent insights about CS mechanism multiple sclerosis of action in the context of MS. A diversity of mechanism multiple sclerosis drive the heterogeneous clinical response to exogenous Corticosteroids in patients with MS._Multiple Sclerosis FAQs_. National Multiple Sclerosis Society, 2014. Web. 2 September 2014.In the illuminating article _Multiple Sclerosis FAQS_ it discussed that multiple sclerosis can cause many symptoms, including blurred vision, loss of balance, poor coordination, slurred speech, tremors, numbness, extreme fatigue, problems multiple sclerosis with repositing and concentration, paralysis, and blindness and more. Multiple sclerosis is a chronic, unpredictable disease of the central nervous system (CNS), which is made up of the brain, spinal cord and optic nerves. The inclination of this article is to inform patients about the use of corticosteroid in multiple sclerosis and how it can shorten relapses.Robinson, Ian and F. Clifford Ro se Managing Your Multiple Sclerosis Practical Advice to divine service You Manage Your Multiple Sclerosis London Class, 2004. E-book. Web. 2 SeptIn Ian Robinsons enlightening e-book Managing Your Multiple Sclerosis Practical Advice to Help You Manage Your Multiple Sclerosis discussed a practical guide to multiple sclerosiss management and can provide you with many information sheets on this subject. This book was written by popular demand from patients, who read their articles before, who wanted to know more about practical steps that they could take in their day-to-day living with multiple sclerosis. The purpose for this book is to describe multiple sclerosis causes and diagnosis and what steps you can take for different treatments for relapses._Steroids._ Overcoming Multiple Sclerosis, 2014. Web. 2 September 2014.In the informative article _Steroids,_ discussed that there is convincing evidence that steroids are useful in improving the recovery after a relapse of multiple scler osis. For most relapses, there should be no delay in starting a short course of steroids. It is probable that steroids delay theonset of the next episode as well. The goal for this article was to state evidence, studies, done on corticosteroids and how they would be beneficial to use based on that evidence and how they end relapses sooner.

Globalization and Social Inequality

IntroductionSocial inequality is an get along that is much debated today within the favorable sciences, as well as other disciplines. Although very few would deny that social inequality exists and has always existed in human societies, it is not always clear through what mechanisms it manifests itself, along what lines it progresses, and how we crumb make life better for those affected by global inequalities. The question remains whether or not the beingness that we live in today is much equal than what people remove experienced in the sometime(prenominal). Although some might argue that westboundern development brings with it more equal rights, it is doubtful that this is actually the case. In recent years, we have witnessed a phenomenon called globalization which is, in short, a widening and deepening of the international flows of trade, capital, technology and information within a single coordinated global market (Petras and Veltmeyer 2001, p11). Globalization has brought with it significant changes in the way people and nations relate to one another. In many cases, it has created bare-ass patterns of inequality, as well as reinforced old ones. The purpose of this paper is to investigate some of the effects of globalization and critically analyse them. I will argue that currently we do not live in a more equal world and neither atomic number 18 we moving towards greater equality. Rather, I argue that, through globalization, inequalities are exacerbated due to capitalism and the poor flow of markets. This paper will look at how inequalities have evolved over the last two hundred years, why they have occurred, and how the pattern of inequality looks like today.Kaplinsky (2005, p 28) and Jolly (2005) note that as early as 1776, economists such(prenominal) as Adam Smith became preoccupied with the issue of poverty and its consequences on inequality. During the 18th and the 19th century in England it was well-known that for every handful of plenteous aristocrats t present were hundreds or even thousands of poor people. With the succeed of industrialization, poverty only deepened (Jolly 2005). Karl Marx illustrated the problem perfectly by outlining the issue of the bourgeoisie owning the means of production, while workers sell their labour for minimal wages. Petras and Veltmeyer (2001, p 128) also try that historically, a minority ruling class have used coercion and social institutions to control exploited people. Until the present day, this situation has not changed very much. Moreover, during the past decades, the disparities amongst the global North and South have become more and more evident, partly due to globalization. The movement of capital and trading agreements have broadly speaking benefitted the genuine countries, while the developing ones are forced to create economies that cater to the needs of the West. As Birdsall (2005, p 2) notes, global markets are inherently disequalizing, making uphill inequality in d eveloping countries more rather than slight likely. This shows that we are not moving towards a more equal world. Moreover, even wealthy countries, such as the U.S. experience growing poverty rates within their own borders (Dillon 2010). Dillon (2010, p 60) stresses that economic inequality has in fact grown since the late 1980s, as has the gap between the highest and the lowest income groups, while Butler and Watt (2007, p 112) even call poverty rates in the U.S. extreme. It is evident from these accounts that unfortunately, unless measures will be taken, inequality will increase and dreams of an equal world are moving farther away.The reality is that we live in an unequal world. There is an abundance of social issues that are caused by widespread inequality. Discrimination today manifests itself through the lines of class, gender, race, age, nationality, and other factors. Due to length limitations, this paper intimatelyly focal pointes on economic inequalities. These are espe cially poignant when we look at the way people live in underdeveloped countries. This is a direct consequence of colonialism and the quest of the Western world to hold out and develop their economic system. However, the expansion of the markets rewards only those who have more assets, such as financial and human capital (Birdsall 2005, p 3). Also, poor nations cannot attract investment funds and diversification, without a stable middle class and economic institutions. Consequently, the price of their exports declines and they fail to grow (Birdsall 2005, p 3). This is just an example of how globalization reinforces inequality. If markets are let to cultivate freely, as they do today, the world will become more unequal. Underdeveloped countries have not become more equal since interaction with the West has intensified. Beer and Boswell (2002, p 31) also stress that disproportionate control over host economies by transnational corporations increases inequality by altering the develo pment patterns of these nations. Although some might take that international corporations can improve a developing countrys economy, this is not necessarily true. It is evident then, that the path that is nowadays advocated by many here in the Western world, does not serve the purpose of a more equal world. On the contrary, it exacerbates global inequalities.The causes of growing inequality in todays world are diverse and lots not very easy to identify. However, the main cause might be the capitalist system that has spread internationally, much to the benefit of few and the exploitation of many. Trade between rich and poor nations creates patterns of colony and unequal exchanges, leading to high income inequalities between the two (Beer and Boswell 2002, p 33). patronage the current emphasis on trade agreements and flows of trade that increasingly deepen, time and time again it has been stressed that this process creates inequalities and is detrimental to developing countries. I n addition, the markets often fail. Some notable examples are the financial crises in Mexico, Thailand, Korea, Russian, Brazil and Argentina that took place in the 1990s (Birdsall 2005). Also, when a recession hits, the lower classes are the most affected. In turn, this leads to even greater inequalities between the rich and the poor.There are many mechanisms through which capital and the markets contribute to a less equal world in our present time. Investment often causes disparities between foreign and domestic sectors. Also, international corporations usually do not reinvest profits in the local economies. Governments in developing countries adopt policies that prevent the lower classes from moving upwards, while at the same time they encourage the formation of a managerial elite (Beer and Boswell 2002, p 33). For those concerned about equality, it is alarming that neither foreign investors nor local governments fully understand the consequences of their actions. If this kind of policies will keep being implemented, levels of inequality will sure as shooting increase. As Petras and Veltmeyer (2001) note, the politics of the Western Right are also at fault for the direction towards which we are heading. They say that the Right engages in class state of war through privatization and the concentration of power in the hands of few (Petras and Veltmeyer 2001, p 148). Thus, social institutions, as well as economic policies serve the interests of wealthy corporations. The focus of present neoliberal politics is not to decrease income disparities, but to increase the wealth of the few. Staying on the same course guarantees that the world will become less and less equal.I have argued that we do not live and a more equal world. On the contrary, the globalization of markets has had a negative impact on the livelihoods of many. The effects of capitalism had started being seen a long time ago. Income disparities always existed between those who own the means of produ ction (the bourgeoisie) and the workers that work in their factories. The income gap between the lower class and the upper class increased steadily with time. In addition, global exploration and colonization has led to even greater disparities between the West and the colonies. Under the current system, developing countries find it almost impossible to reach the same level of wealth and stability as Western countries. However, even developed countries have growing poverty rates within their own borders. These rates have been increasing over the past years, while the gap between the rich and the poor is widening. The world is becoming a less equal place. The free flow of markets and an unregulated capitalist system are mainly to blame for income inequalities. unfortunate nations have become dependent on rich nations and economic crises affect lower classes the most. With both corporations and national governments driven by profit, no one looks at the long-term effects that trade has on inequality. Moreover, the rise of neoliberal politics in the West encourages the maintenance of the same pattern of increased inequality and dependency. disrespect the optimism of some, the truth is that globalization, as it is occurring today, is only increasing disparities between classes, between nations, and between the global North and South. The evidence shows that the world is at least as unequal as it was two hundred years ago. Current economic policies will only serve to make it less and less equal. If drastic measures are not taken soon, there is little hope that our world will become a more equitable place.ReferencesButler, T. and Watt, P. 2007. Understanding Social Inequality. London Sage.Beer, L. and Boswell, T. 2002. The resilience of dependency effects in explaining income inequality in the global economy a cross national analysis, 1975-1995. Journal of World Systems Research, 8(1), pp.30-61.Birdsall, N. 2006. Rising inequality in the new global economy. Interna tional Journal of learning Issues, 5(1), pp.1-9.Dillon, M. 2010. Introduction to Sociological Theory Theorists, concepts and their applicability to the twenty-first century. Chichester Wiley-Blackwell.Jolly, R. 2005. Global inequality in historical perspective. WIDER (World Institute for Development Economic Research) Angle, 2.Kaplinski, R. 2005. Globalization, Poverty and Inequality Between a Rock and a Hard Place. Cambridge Polity.

Joint Family and Kinship in India

INTRODUCTIONIndia offers astounding variety in virtually every aspect of brformer(a)ly c beer. Diversities of ethnic, linguistic, regional, economic, religious, class, and company groups crosscut Indian hunting lodge, which is also permeated with immense urban-rural differences and sexual urge banknotes. Differences between north India and s emergeh India be particularly signifi chiffoniert, especially in schemas of kin groupship and marri eon. Indian society is multifaceted to an extent perhaps unknown in any other of the worlds great civilizationsit is more like an area as varied as Europe than any other single nation-state.Adding further variety to contemporary Indian stopping point are rapidly occurring changes affecting various(a) regions and socioeconomic groups in disparate ways. Yet, amid the complexities of Indian life, widely consumeed heathenish themes enhance accessible harmony and station.Many Indian societies were organized around principles of family r elationship. Kinship ties based on bloodlines or marriage formed the instauration of the political, economic, and religious system. Succession to political office and religious positions, ownership and inheritance of property, and even whom one could or could not marry were determined on the basis of membership in a kin group. Social bonds with relatives essential be reinforced at family events or at rites crucial to the religious community.Indian SocietyHierarchyIndia is a hierarchical society. Whether in north India or south India, Hindu or Muslim, urban or village, virtually all things, lot, and social groups are ranked according to various essential qualities. Although India is a political democracy, notions of complete equality are seldom evident in daily life.Societal agency structure is evident in caste groups, amongst individuals, and in family and chemical attraction groups. Castes are primarily associated with Hinduism, but caste-like groups also exist among Muslims, Indian, Christians, and other religious communities. Within most villages or towns, everyone knows the relative rankings of each locally represented caste, and behavior is constantly shaped by this knowledge.Individuals are also ranked according to their wealth and power. For example, some mightily people, or big men, sit confidently on chairs, while little men come before them to make requests, any standing or jack not presuming to sit beside a man of high status as an equal.Hierarchy plays an important portion within families and kinship groupings also, where men outrank women of similar age, and higher-ranking relatives outrank junior relatives. Formal respect is accorded family membersfor example, in northern India, a daughter-in-law shows deference to her husband, to all senior in-laws, and to all daughters of the house fit. Siblings, too, recognize age differences, with younger siblings addressing ripened siblings by respectful terms earlier than by name.Social Interde pendenceOne of the great themes pervading Indian life is social interdependency. People are born into groupsfamilies, clans, sub castes, castes, and religious communitiesand kick the bucket with a constant sense of being part of and inseparable from these groups. A corollary is the notion that everything a person does properly involves interaction with other people. A persons greatest dread, perhaps, is the possibility of being left alone, without social support, to face the necessary challenges of life.This sense of interdependence is extended into the theological substantialm the very shape of a persons life is seen as being greatly deflectd by divine beings with whom an ongoing relationship must be maintained. Psychologically, family members typically experience intense aroused interdependence. Economic activities, too, are deeply imbedded in a social nexus. Through a multitude of kinship ties, each person is linked with kin in villages and towns near and far. near everywhe re a person goes he can find a relative from whom he can expect moral and practical support.In every activity, social ties can help a person and the absence of them can bring failure. Seldom do people carry out even the simplest tasks on their own. When a small child eats, his mother puts the food into his mouth with her own hand. When a girl brings water home from the well in pots on her head, someone helps her dispatch the pots. A student hopes that an influential relative or friend can facilitate his college admission. A young person anticipates that parents will arrange his or her marriage. Finally, a person facing death expects that relatives will conduct the proper funeral rites ensuring his own smooth passage to the next stage of existence and reaffirming social ties among mourners.This sense of interdependence extends into the theological realm. From birth onward, a child learns that his fate has been written by divine forces and that his life is shaped by powerful deities with whom an ongoing relationship must be maintained.Social interaction is regarded as being of the highest anteriority, and social bonds are expected to be long lasting. make up economic activities that might in Western culture involve impersonal interactions are in India deeply imbedded in a social nexus. All social interaction involves constant attention to hierarchy, respect, honor, the feelings of others, rights and obligations, hospitality, and gifts of food, clothing, and other worthy items. Finely tuned rules of etiquette help facilitate each individuals many social relationships. .Indian Family structureIndian family structure is believed to be the unit that teaches the values and worth of an honest living that have been carried spate across generations. Since the puranic ages, Indian family structure was that of a marijuana cigarette family indicating every person of the same clan living together. However, this idea of elaborate living had been disintintegrated in sma ller family units. The essential themes of Indian cultural life are learned within the bosom of a family.The pronounce family is highly valued, ideallyconsisting of several generations residing, working, eating, and worshiping together. such families include men related through the male line, along with their wives, children, and unmarried daughters. A married woman usually lives with her husbands relatives, although she retains important bonds with her natal family. Even in rapidly modernizing India, the handed-down junction habitation remains for most Indians the primary social force, in both ideal and practice.Large families tend to be plastic and well suited to modern Indian life, especially for the more than both-thirds of Indians who are involved in agriculture. As in most primarily agricultural societies, cooperating kin help provide mutual economic security. The join family is also greens in cities, where kinship ties are often crucial to obtaining employment or fi nancial assistance. Many prominent families, such as theTatas, Birlas, and Sarabhais, retain joint family arrangements as they cooperate in controlling major financial empires The ancient ideal of the joint family retains its power, but today actual living arrangements vary widely. Many Indians live in thermonuclear families-a couple with their unmarried children-but belong to strong networks of beneficial kinship ties. Often, clusters of relatives live as neighbors, responding readily to their kinship obligations.As they expand, joint families typically divide into smaller units, which gradually grow into new joint families, continuing a lasting cycle. Today, some family members may move about to take advantage of job opportunities, typically sending money home to the larger family.FAMILY TRANSFORMATIONAn Analytical look on various studies by unalike sociologist point of viewsThe Study of family in India centers on the debate of joint family versus nuclear family. The first auth entic aim on family comes from the literature of Sir Henry Maine, who was law adviser to the colonial goernment of India.He developed intellectual interest in family studies. He indicated that joint family is characterized byCommon property holding.Absolute consent of Karta.He considered that joint family is corporate unit where people make contribution differently but share rewards on the basis of their needs. He said that joint family sustains in India because it is considered as moral institution with the members are obliged to perform rituals for parkland dead ancestorsGS Ghurye considered that joint family is a product of Indian culture that glorified stainless values. There is universal presence of joint family cutting across caste, religion which promoted unity among people in Indian society.PN Prabhu in his analysis of family and kinship in India considers that individual association with joint family is driven by moralist, therefore when morals is replaced by individuali sm (when tradition is replaced by modernity) then joint family is transformed into nuclear family.Irawati Karve offered an consummate(a) definition of joint family. She writes that joint family refers to a social group where people belonging to 3 4 generations organically related to each other, hold property in common, share common residence, eat food prepared in common kitchen, participate in common rituals and ceremonies and they have, obligations towards the head of the family known as Karta. She considers that joint family is a product of culture and therefore despite economic transformation joint family system persists in India. It sustains itself as it is driven by cultural ideology rather than driven by economic interest.During 1960s two group of sociologist took considerable interest in the field of family study. One group conformist to modern theory looked into complete integration of joint family system whereas the other group went for empirical studies to examine region al variations in family transformation under the various process of modernity. These two theories cannot beconsidered as qualitatively different because there position stand vary only on the question of the degree of changes in family.MN Srinivas, SC Dubay find out that there is a strong linkage between caste and joint family. Empirical study indicates that higher castes go for joint family system and lower castes go for nuclear family. Therefore joint family is driven by economic logic rather than cultural moralist. It is also noticed that joint family is not breaking down completely under the influence of urban living.Alan Rose in a study of Bangalore finds out that around 70% of families unornamented either structural joint ness of functional joint ness or a mixture of both. MS Gore in his study of Agarwals of Delhi finds out that how mother son relationship precedes oer husband wife relationship and family operates as a strong support base to its members in matters related to plectron of occupation, financial assistance and selection of mates. TN Madan indicates how residential separation has not given way to break down of joint family. In his theory of money order economy he indicates that family joint ness has always been enduring in facial expression of India.Thus these scholars concluded by saying that family transformation in India is not a replica of family transformation in the West. Therefore social change in India is Indian in character and so Western theories and models cannot explain family transformation in Indian societyHousehold dimensions of the FamilyFamily transformation in India has puts a fundamental question that, whether in India joint household is disintegrating or joint family is disintegrating. He finds out that proportion of joint household is more today in comparison to past. He points out the reasons for the same i.e. due to rising population construction of house has become costly, migration in search of employment etc. Big ger joint households are now splitting into smaller households.People living in different households have strong emotional ties therefore joint household is disintegrating but not joint family and so family should be studied from household perspective andchanges in household and family patterns must be investigated to examine actual character of family transformation in India.Classical sociologists were greatly committed to family study either by considering family as cornerstone of human society or by looking into changing nature of society. With the advent of modernity it was perceived that household is a residential space but family is a social institution. However, with the jump out of feminism both as an ideology and as social movement, womens approach towards marriage has gone through a series of transformation. AM Shah in his disk household dimension of the family in India indicate that even in traditional context, household and family do not mean similar things.Citing the case of India he considers that family and household were absolutely different but family studies in India immensely focused attention on the transformation of joint family into nuclear family. Household refers to residential space where people living together may or may not constitute family. Looking at household pattern one could effectively study nature and form of transformation taking place in Indian society. In recent analysis of global migration and family pattern, it has been found out that in countries like Philippines and India a large chunk of women in search of employment go out to advanced countries of the world. Though most of them are married they dont stay with their family. As a result they constitute independent household.These households may constitute many friends living together or a person living with working partner to whom he/she is not married or a person living all alone. It is generally perceived in case of India that household is less durable an pick to family system, which gives more importance to friendship than kinship. Household offer immense individual liberty, sexual freedom, limited or no liability towards the other members of the household. Thus it can be concluded that household is evolving into a replacement for family in many developing countries including India. Therefore sociology of kinship is shifting its focus from the study of marriage and family to the study of friendship and household.Sexual Division of LabourFeminist sociologists are of the opinion that whether its joint family or nuclear family, in no way family transformation is affecting to the status of women in India. Therefore reproduction, sexuality, division of labour are all determined by the values of patriarchy than by principles of equality. Talcott Parson indicates that industrialisation, urbanization, migration have contributed for occupational mobility, empowerment of women and gender gap within and outside family has sufficiently been reduced.The modernist theory also indicates that in case of India relationship between husband and wife is now proceeding over parent-child relationship. Conjugal relationship is considered as more important than obligation towards kinship. Irrespective of gender every child inherits the property from parents, selection of mates is no hourlong familys responsibility and childbirth is greatly a matter of economics and mutual agreement between spouse. Therefore modernity has broken down traditional form of marriage, hierarchical form of relationship.Traditionally, males have controlled key family resources, such as land or businesses, especially in high-status groups. Following traditional Hindu law, women did not inherit real estate and were thus beholden to their male kin who controlled land and buildings. Under Muslim customary law, women canand doinherit real estate, but their shares have typically been smaller than those of males. Modern legislation allows all Indian women to inherit real estate.Traditionally, for those families who could afford it, women have controlled some wealth in the form of precious jewelry. In the Indian household, lines of hierarchy and authority are clearly drawn, and ideals of conduct help maintain family harmony. i All family members are socialized to accept the authority of those above them in the hierarchy. The eldest male acts as family head, and his wife supervises her daughters-in-law, among whom the youngest has the least authority. Reciprocally, those in authority accept responsibility for meeting the needs of other family members.Systems of Kinship in IndiaKinship is considered as the heart and soul of Indian social life. Despite Indias exposure to technical and industrial modernity, dec plays a significant role in the life of people. GS Ghurye writes in detail about various descent groups living together in different regions of the country carrying different names and identities. These different lineage groups bringing together a multi-civilization thereby making India a land of pluralism. However, all these descent groups imbibe common rules of marriage, common food behavior, common cultural, religious ideology radiating from Hinduism and that made Indian society a land of diversity.Indologists look into the role of descent in defining marriage, family and kinship in India. The people belonging to similar descent group are located in a given region where they worship to their common ancestors, follow common way of life and when the size of descent group expands, they migrate to different areas but still carry their identity. Therefore caste is nothing but an grow descent system that maintains its boundary, distinguishing itself from the other caste.Andre Beteille indicates association of man and kinship is so strong in India that voting behavior is driven by kinship rather than on the basis of merit. In all the political parties of India kinship is the primary source of political recruitment. Thus democr atic polity in India is engaged in social and cultural reproduction.In case of India family/kinship offers ideological, economic, infrastructural support to individual to determine the nature of occupation. In conclusion it can be said that the role of descent and kinship not only determines the private sphere of an individuals life like marriage, family, household, gender role, rituals but also has great influence over his public life like occupational selection, political participation and identity formation. Therefore the role of descent and kinship has changed very little under the influence of modernity in India and so while studying social transformation one cannot afford to ignore the same.Lineage system can be divided into two parts in India i.e.Unilineal systems a system of determining descent groups in which one belongs to ones fathers or mothers lineage. Both patrilinearity and matrilineality are types of unilineal descent.Non-Unilineal systems a system where there exist s eightfold forms of relationship.Classical anthropologists divide descent groups into two fundamental types such asPatrilineal inheriting or determining descent through the male line.Matrilineal inheriting or determining descent through the female line.Types of kinship systemsKinship is a relationship between any entity that share a genealogical origin (related to family, lineage, history), through either biological, cultural, or historical descent. The first sociologist to study kinship systems in India is Irawati Karve, she divided India into four different kinship zones such asNorth Indian kinship systems.South Indian kinship systems.Central Indian kinship systems.Eastern Indian kinship systems.North Indian kinship systemsThis kinship system is present in Hindi speaking brawl and also in areas where Aryan culture influence is substantive. It includes West Bengal, Orissa and Bihar. In North India kinship systems, the rules of marriage is highly exhaustive because a large aut omobile trunk of people are excluded from alliance relationship. One cannot receive women from his mothers group or mothers mother group, fathers mother group and from within his own village. Hence exogamy is quite exhaustive and marriage involves not intra-family ties but inter-village ties. Residential system is very Virilocal (bride lives with husbands fathers group) type . In North Indian kinship father son relationship precedes over husband wife relationship.South Indian kinship systemsThis type of relationship system is generally present in all southern states and some of its influence is also largely noticed in pockets of Maharashtra and Orissa. In southern India kinship systems, no distinction is made between patrilineal or matrilineal. In case of South India cross cousins marriage take place and so exogamy is not exhaustive like in North India. The relationship between husband and wife is not subdued to father son relationship as in case of North India. Hostility of rel ationship between the in laws driven by suspicion is also weak in South India.Central Indian kinship systemsThis system is practised in case of Gujarat, Maharashtra, MP which is a mixture of elements of North and South India. In case of Rajputs marriage is greatly determined on the basis of family status of girl. Rajputs are permitted to marry any girl on the basis of their choice rather than simply follow the rules of caste. Marathas are divided into 32 clans which are put into primary, secondary and tertiary divisions and so the rules of marriage are determined accordingly between various divisions. In case of Kumbi of Gujarat one is not so-called to marry women belonging to first-generation from fathers side and three generations from mothers side. In case of Rajasthan on the auspicious day of Akshaya Tritiyamassive marriages take place involving people belonging to different age groups and their rules of marriage is sufficiently relaxed.Eastern India kinship systemsIt largely i ncludes kinship patterns followed by different tribal groups like Munda of Orissa, Manipuri of Manipur, Nagas, Kukis and Khasi. These kinship systems dont follow specific patterns .A daughter carries the name of patrilineal grandmother and son carries the name of patrilineal grandfather, divorce is common among them In conclusion these regional variations in kinship largely speaks about differential residential patterns, entitlement on the basis of gender, social status of men, women and children bringing the point back home that Indian culture is largely pluralistic in character.Therefore unity in India should not be seen as destruction of the process of diversity but rather it should respect the process of diversity.CONCLUSIONGradual changes have been ushered in by religious, social, and cultural reforms. Industrialization, urbanization, and technological advances have been instrumental in changing family structures, values, and lifestyles. Ganeswar Misra (1995) emphasized that mi ddle- and upper-class families in urban areas were undergoing a dramatic transformation because the younger generation is questioning power issues, traditional roles, hierarchical relationships, obligations, loyalty, and deference for kinsmen and elderly.With changing times, Indian family structure, functions, traditional division of labor, and authority patterns have altered, favoring more egalitarian relations between the husband and the wife and also a move toward more shared decision-making patterns between parents and children. Despite these changes, the fact remains that most individuals continue to value and give top priority to the family, and families continue to maintain strong kinship bonds and ties.

Human Trafficking of Young Women to be sold in Prostitution Essay

Before going into details, it seemed important to define what adult male being trafficking is. Human trafficking regardless of its symbol is a criminal offense.The UN Convention against transnational crime define human trafficking as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of a persons, by means of the threat or utilize of force or other conformitys of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the use of power, or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the accord of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation (UN Resolution 25, 2001, cited by Vandermey, Meyer, Rys, and Sebranek 2009, p. 246).Under Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act, the US Department of Justice and the national Bureau of Investigation (FBI) are working hard not only to imprint sure the laws are put into practice, but also to contain this line (Hart 2009, p. 43). The near ly severe forms of human trafficking have been defined in U. S. law as sex trafficking in which a commercial sex act is induce by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such act has not attained eighteen years of age (Troubnikoff 2003, p. 3). In order to perpetrate this crime, it call for at least twelve to fifteen multitude who go forth be actors.These include an agency manager, office staffs (at least three), recruiters (at least two), a coordinator, drivers, safe house, document vendors, corrupt public officials, operator, cook, and at least six armed men who will take charge of the recruits. It also needs an office space, office equipments, and a safe house. This crime model further needs mobile communication equipments, tainted cars, and high powered guns, and contacts with other transnational crime syndicates are essential in this operation that will facilitate the deployment of women to their prospective clients. Where and how this crime mode l operates?This type of crime operates in countries where m both(prenominal) people are poor and are longing to escape from the grinding poverty. Among their base of operation are the terce world countries in Asia, the former Soviet republics in particular Russia and Africa. They wad easily prey on young women through their promise of dollar earnings plus other benefits that are not available in their country. This crime model operates on two fronts by fronting a fake man power agency which lured young women into prostitution under a off-key pretenses of high paying jobs as waitresses, dancers, models, and au pairs abroad, and by kidnapping beautiful young women.The hired and kidnapped women will then be required to stay in the safe house where they will be strictly guarded on a twenty four hour basis. The role each actor compete On the democratic front, the roles each actor play in this crime model are crucial and communication with clients as well as quiet is of utmost im portance. The roles played by the recruiters, coordinators, the armed men, and the agency manager are the most crucial as they are the unitys that are most exposed to their victims.They would be the one that will be subject of the victims families rage if their crimes are divulged as well as the object of police manhunt. Thus, they would need to create fictitious names, addresses, and minded(p) information. Like in ordinary manpower agencies, the manager confirms the applicants application and provides assurance to their client as well as direction of the entire operation. The recruiters are amenable for recruitment and hiring of women.But they need to be very careful because of the government drive to contain the problem of human trafficking. Indeed, they need to use all their win over power that they offer real job. The agency manager is also the head of the entire operation and is responsible to make their operation smooth and successful. The role played by the coordinator is also important. He is the one that has contact with the clients. In other words, he holds key position and is in contacts in some segments of the operation, and organize their go (Zhang 2007, p. 97).Zhang bloomed out that the coordinator is central to human trafficking operation though they have nothing more than the right connection for to acquire the necessary services for a wages (p. 97). Drivers, cook, and safe house operators are also important actors towards the deployment of women. Under the law all these actors are equally liable for the crime. But the operation of this crime will not be successful at all without the connivance of a corrupt public official. Corrupt government officials who hold vital responsibility towards the look backward and issuance of travel documents makes the operation highly successful.The document vendors provide real or false document needed for the deployment. But on the autocratic front, the most critical role played by the actors is that of the armed men who must insure that no one could get away or escape. It is critical because if any of the victims escape, the full force of the law will surely hunt them, as well as those behind them. These men in that respectfore need to be heartless, ruthless, and tempered criminals who would not hesitate to shot or kill anyone would attempt to escape. The Blue print of deceitCiment and Shanty (2008) asserted that thither are various schemes of deceits human traffickers employed to collect and traffic women for prostitution. Among these methods is deception, the recruitment of prostitutes, purchase or rent from relatives, boyfriends, and friends, Kidnapping, and as payment of debt (p. 220). This crime model is a rich source of ill-gotten money as according to estimates, a single individual or a group involved in trafficking women and children for commercial sex can make about US$122,000 from one woman in a year Ciment, J. D. and Shanty, F. G. 008, p. 221) or an estimated 12 bill ion dollars annually. Deceptions of women are usually done through the form of either false promise of employment or false promise of marriage, or in some cases, a false promise of education. False marriages and send order brides are used a means of deception to bring women for overseas prostitution. But all these promises are broken once the women are in the manpower of the traffickers. They are then turned over to the safe house operators who insure maximum security with the help of armed men assigned to estimable any possibility of escape.Recruitment of prostitutes also involved deception as despite these women k refreshing what type of job awaits them. Ciment and Shanty noted that what they are not informed of is the degree of exploitation to which they will be subjected (p. 220). The danger for this operation however is that when the supposed victims verify the identity of employment agency with proper government authorities regarding the legality of such employment agency , or the truth about the offered job with embassy of the particular country where the jobs are supposedly available.The same with the mail order bride, there is a need to verify the information of the man to be marrying with the embassy of the country where that man lives. If this is the case, there is a tendency that the whole operation will be disrupted as when formal complaints is made with government authorities regarding the discovery, the whole operation faculty be disrupted This operation therefore requires careful formulation especially with regards to hiring, keeping and deploying women. One particular problem for them is that the families of these women are keen on the developments regarding their young womans longing to work abroad.In other words, they might be sensitive to anything that might be suspicious relating to working abroad. With various laws that apply to this crime such as kidnapping, illegal detention, illegal recruitment, exploitation of women and childre n and anti-human trafficking laws, they can easily be rapt by the authorities. That is, the families and friends of the victims can report to the authorities what ever they perceived as irregularity on the processes, the very time their daughter left their home as they are supposedly in touched with her, all through out the entire processes.In other words any thing that would create suspicion would mean risk for this business risk in the sense that these families and friends might report to the police the disappearance of their daughters. Thus, they need to conservatively lay out plans for deceitful their schemes. They might even involved in civic duties and social functions, befriend people in high places, and to even to the point of disguising as philanthropist in order to project an image that will unlikely to be suspected of crime involvement, and be generous to the families of the victims during the initial stages of the hiring.The actors in this crime model therefore appear h armless, genuinely concern, and would hardly be suspected of any crime involvement. Outwardly, they are not dangerous, dignified, and innocent but interior they are ruthless, cruel and hardened criminals. The actors of this crime group however will use its entire means to control these women once they have gotten in their hands these women. They will confiscate all communication devices such as cell phones and devices, as well as passports and other travel documents to ensure no one will dare of escape.In order to appease the families of the hired victims the agency might provide cash incentives or advance payment to which after everything has been facilitated particularly the deployment of women to their prospective clients, the office will banish in the thin air to transfer to a new location with a new name, new address, new schemes, but the same people, the same processes, and the same modos operande. Upon hiring of women, they need to provide assurance that everything is fine t o avoid any suspicion. However, when this democratic approach proved ineffective, they will use violence to silence the families of the victims.Beeks and Amir (2006) cited that once a woman is in traffickers hands, the latter uses any and all means to control her violence, including informal assault, threats to the victims and her familys lives, drugs, and threat to turn the woman over to unsympathetic authorities (p. 68). Beeks and Amid stated, many women refuse to cooperate with the authorities because there was small-minded or no protection, and they faced deportation, and threats against their families if they cooperate with foreign law enforcement (p. 68). The extent of this crime modelTrafficking of women for prostitution is the worst of all the types of human trafficking. According to Ciment and Shanty, there are an estimated 800,000 to 900,000 individuals that trafficked each year to which the majority come from Southeast Asia, particularly Myanmar, India, Thailand, and Ca mbodia. The former Soviet Union is now seen to be growing source of trafficking for prostitution and the sex industry (p. 195). The extent of human trafficking is not only confined in Asian countries and the former Soviet Union.Nicola (2009) noted that trafficking in human beings for sexual exploitation, has involved all the European Union and more in general Western European countries in the past twenty years (p. 3). The extent of human trafficking for prostitution apparently is global because the demand for commercial sex is global. There are no doubts that about the global extent of trafficking in women for prostitution as according to Jeffereys (1997) prostitution has been industrialized internationally (p. 307).Jeffreys pointed out that prostitution is a result of the increasing internationalization of the world economy, in which local communities in the third world become an integral part of the industrialized countries (p. 308). Jeffreys explained that as a consequence of th e lost traditional resources, such as land, paid labor or other means of income were felt greatly by women and girls who have to take care of children and family because of tradition or the disappearance of male support (p. 308). Jeffreys asserts, Military prostitution and sex tourism have increased the global demand for prostitution (p. 309).

Racialization of savagery Essay

In his essay The storm in the Wilderness The Racialization of Slavery, Ronald Takaki (1992) discusses how savagery as generally understood by Europeans since the early s til nowteenth century became identified with and synonymous to the races of primeval the Statesns and transplanted Africans. He shows how this historic construction of savagery proceeded from a general understanding of civilization as akin with and synonymous to being European. He demonstrates in the historical experience that he examines the creation of the binary resister European-civilized/Others-savage.He utilise The Tempest, the play by William Shakespe ar, as a starting point in delivering his argument. He says that the play can be approached as a fascinating tale rise up-nigh the creation of a new inn in America. As a play, as literature, as a wreak of art, The Tempest inevitably drew upon prevailing, if not dominant, perceptions of Europeans colonizers encounter with Native Americans. Europeans aft (prenominal) all have not been at that time exposed to such people, and those who were indeed exposed were but a minority of the population.The existing conditions t presentfore allowed, if not forced, a narrow, one-sided and ethnocentric appreciation of the Indians. This is the context of The Tempest. The play was written after the origin encounter with American Indians but before the full-scale colonization of youthful Eng toss off began. In the play, the main subject Prospero encountered Caliban a beastly creature that captures the stereotype of Native Americans. Calibans appearance is deformed and dark, and his behavior is savage. He personified a born devil who belonged to a vile race.He represented intellectual folly as well as nature in its raw form. He is therefore the diametrical paired of Prospero intelligent, civilized, and normal-looking and therefore European, fetchn by lofty principles. The Native Americans in parvenue Eng set down were racially contrasting from the Europeans. They were viewed as representatives of backwardness and inefficiency, contrasting from and opposed to the modernity and technological advancement represented by Europeans. They reminded the English colonizers of the Irish savages because they were tribal and pagan.Their economic system appeared to the English colonizers as the primitive ancestor of the latters manufacturing system. The Indians had a dark complexion, lived in the forests and were open sexually. Christianity, cities, letters, clothing and swords these, according to Takaki, are the things Europeans considered as hallmarks of civilization their civilization which Indians unless lacked. Indians were seen as leadn by wild passions, and not led by intellect, as Europeans supposition about themselves (Weinberg 2003).Historical knowledges built upon this largely negative perception of American Indians to the detriment of the latter. The New Eng shoot down area was posterior to be occupied by Engl ish settlers who were devout Protestants and who condemned the American Indians as heathens. The American Indians were later on to be called a demonic race that is associated with evil. The Protestant English sought to reaffirm and energyen their moral beliefs by defining these against the beliefs and practices of the American Indians.They are not American Indians and they must strive never to become standardized with these people. They believed that the diseases afflicting large roles of the American Indian population were Gods steering of punishing and destroying pagans, as well as of paving the way for Gods people to settle and reside in the lands of these peoples. When entangled in conflicts over rightful ownership of lands, English settlers fell back on their religious beliefs, accept that it was their Puritan destiny to make full those lands.They even claimed that by not using their lands, the American Indians were that waste these. In short, economic contradictions between the both peoples worked to reinforce the racialization of savagery as a Native American character. In m each ways, the appreciation of Africans by the European colonizers were similar to the latters appreciation of the Indians. thither were as well differences, however. The dark skin of the Africans by itself, and especially when understood as low-spiriteden, sets off into head various cultural connotations for Europeans.Darkness or blackness often characteristicifies evil, sinister or wicked forces in English grow. Africans were viewed as a baser, primal and lesser people who deserve to serve Europeans. The physical strength of Africans, in the context within which they were encountered by the Europeans, appeared to the European settlers as a form of threat. The Africans were therefore thought of as needing to be subjugated and controlled, tamed and enslaved. They embodied nature, not culture. This largely negative perception of Africans was reinforce later by succ eeding developments.If they were initially perceived as slaves, slave-like, or deserving to be slaves, Africans were later to become slaves, thanks to complications in the class system of the English settlers. The English aristocracy demanded labor to benefit on the growing tobacco demand. Landowners on the other hand depended on indentured servants, both black and white. The indentured servants aspired to become wealthy themselves, but were repressed to minimize competition for land and increase the cut of white laborers. This resulted in the Bacons Rebellion of 1676, in which lower-class workers fought the landowners.For depending on white labor, the landowners felt threatened. It is here that slaves from Africa came as a convenient way to address the problem. Africans can become slaves without the right to bear coat of arms and assemble at meetings that were given to white laborers (Halford 1999). So the racialization of savagery is the outcome of a complex historical process that involved the encounter of two divergent cultures, societies, and economic and political systems wherein one is debased from the berth of the other whose identity came to be built upon the debasement.Important in this process is the uneven economic and armed forces power between the two collectivities, as this factor determines whose perspective shall become dominant and shall persist among the two perspectives that naturally go with the two races. The racialization of savagery constitutes and is in turn constituted by, various cultural forms as exemplified by The Tempest. The participation of cultural forms in the racialization of savagery, though in a different but related contex, is also clarified in the influential book of Edward W.Said titled Orientalism (1979). 2. Compare the Land-Allotment dodge employ with the Choctaws with the Treaty strategy that was applied to the Cherokee. What are the key differences between both approaches to Indian lands? Do they share any s imilarities? What were the outcomes of each strategy? Both the Land-Allotment Strategy used with the Choctaws and the Treaty Strategy used with the Cherokees continued and carried to conclusion the Europeans earlier deceitful and brutal strategies in dealing with American Indians.Weinberg (2003) reports that the communal society of the Indians was converted by the white settlers into a plunder society Many of the Indians lived as a community. They depended on hunting for buffalos. They planted corn, which served as their staple food. The Indians were an intelligent and civilized people. They had a civilization, even if this did not correct to and imitated what the white settlers considered as civilization which, to their mind, flirt withs their civilization. Wars were waged against the Indians to get their land and subdue their labor.European fur traders even used whiskey to greatly weaken the sense of discretion of Indians in matters pertaining to trade. To get their lands, repr ession through healthy means, as well as death squads, was used against them (Weinberg 2003). Historically, both the Land-Allotment Strategy used with the Choctaws and the Treaty Strategy used with the Cherokees were implemented under the Indian Removal Act. This act was campaigned for by US chairperson Andrew Jackson in both houses of Congress.This piece of legislation gave the president the free hand to discuss the removal treaties with Indian phratrys occupying the eastern part of the Mississippi river. Under these treaties, the Indians were to surrender their lands in exchange for lands in the western hemisphere of the Mississippi river. Those wishing to remain in the east, the act claims, would be considered as citizens of their home states. The process was vatic to be voluntary and peaceful. When the southeastern nations resisted, however, US professorship Jackson used force to make the Indian nations leave their lands.He was initially trusted by the Indians but was late r exposed and condemned as a traitor to their cause (Indian Removal, n. d. ) Some points on the Land-Allotment Strategy used with the Choctaws ? The Choctaws were the first to sign a removal accordance. ? The Treaty of the Dancing Rabbit Creak promised to give singular families the liberty to stick to and live amidst white people by giving them a land grant. ? Those who stayed were given some vindication by the War Department, though it proved no match to the white population which squatted in Chotaws ground and those who cheated Choctaws of their land.? President Andrew Jackson initially promised to protect those who stayed, only to say later that he cannot guard the boundaries he set. ? Those who stayed ran out of money and had to borrow from white land-owning families. As a result, they got into debt, had to sell their lands, and moved west. ? This is the reason why whites think that they are not to blame and are without fault in relation to the poverty and eventual(prenomin al) exodus of the Indians. They make it appear that it is the Indians who are responsible for their decision later on to go to a different land.? The migration of the Choctaws occurred during the winter, causing many to get sick and die (Wright and Fernandez, 1999). Some points on the Treaty Strategy used with the Cherokees ? The legislature of Georgia orders Cherokee lands to be absorbed by the federal government. ? They were tricked into signing an illegitimate treaty. This treaty promised individual Cherokees a payment of $3. 2 million in exchange for their lands. (SHSU, n. d. ) ? In 1833, a petite faction agreed to sign the Treaty of New Echota, a removal treaty. The leaders of this group were not the recognized leaders of the tribe.? More than 15,000 Cherokees signed a petition in protest to the Treaty of New Echota. The Supreme Court, however, ignored the protests and ratified the treaty. ? The Cherokees were given two years to voluntarily migrate. If they fail to migrate aft er two years, the ruling says, force will be used to remove them. By 1838, however, only 2,000 members of the tribe have transferred, and 16,000 members remained in the land. ? The US government sent in 7,000 white troops. The Cherokees were not allowed to pack up their belongings, and the white troops looted their homes.? This resulted in the march known as the Trail of Tears, which in candor is an exodus from the violence inflicted by the white settlers. The Trail of Tears lasted until winter, killing to a greater extent than 4,000 Cherokees on their way to another land. (Indian Removal, n. d. ). The similarities between the two approaches are much striking than the differences. Both approaches merely continued and carried to conclusion the Europeans earlier deceitful and brutal treatment of the Indians. Both are premised on the drive to remove Indians from their lands.Both started off by dividing the particular Indian populations. Both inflicted suffering on the section of the Indian population that stayed in their lands. Both ended up with whites owning Indian land, and with Indians getting sick and destruction on their way to a different land. Both used laws and treaties that pretended to work for the Indians, but in significantity facilitated the transfer of their lands to the white settlers. These laws and treaties also made it appear that Indians had genuine choices at that time and that they are solely responsible for their actions.The approaches not only exemplify divide-and-rule tactics used by European colonizers against peoples they colonize. The approaches also demonstrate the brutality with which colonial conquest was carried out by Europeans against peoples they perceive as others. The differences between the two approaches hinge on one significant factor The bulwark of the Cherokees. Because the Cherokees resisted, they were treated as a group, not as individual families as in the case of the Choctaws. This is the context of the attempt to buy off individual families for such a preposterously huge sum.Because they resisted, their occupancy of their land was extended, unlike that of the Choctaws. Because they resisted, they were met with a force more uncivilized than that encountered by the Choctaws. 3. Possession of land is a recurring theme throughout the nineteenth century. handle how the differing relationships to the land typically experienced by European immigrants and their descendents, Native Americans, African slaves, post-bellum African Americans, and Mexicans contributed to the coition successes of these different ethnic groups. The possession of land is widespread in the 19th century.European immigrants did not come to America to occupy vacant land but to a territory inhabited by different ethnic groups (Zinn, 1980). The American ruling elite as well as the upperclass Europeans emerged many times richer after grabbing land from other peoples. The white who had the resources to carry out land grabbing deprived people of their land. The descendants of European immigrants, hereafter, genetical the land that was stolen from others. The countless peoples (number reaching millions) coming from ethnic groups had this in common they did not have ownership of the land that they had occupied and developed for hundreds of years.How it was taken from them also has this central theme- war. It was by force that their land was taken from them. Behind this coercive measure is the drive for private property. European occupation, therefore, involved stories of massacre, deception and brutality (Zinn, 1980). In sum, the differing relationship to the land by European immigrants and their descendents and Native Americans, African slaves, post-bellum African Americans and Mexicans was that of ownership of land.The ethnic groups were any driven out of their land, or were made to stay and develop the land but were not allowed to rival in its bountiful resources. The result of this differing relati onship is that the rich became richer and the poor became poorer. What would emerge different from these ethnic groups, on the other hand, is how they fought the war for land. The internal and external conditions of their struggles result to their varying success in social status. coition to each ethnic group the difference is minimal. Relative to European immigrants, the gap is wide.However, in the event of monopoly capitalism, different ethnic groups would all experience exploitation of greater scope and magnitude than any point in history. The Case of Indians In the 19th century, the movement of whites pressured national government to conduct aggressive activity to Indians to drive them out of their land. The removal of Indians opened the vast lands of America to agriculture then to market, then to money, and then to the development of modern capitalist economy -which is essentially an economy characterized with the surplus of good and the phenomenon of superprofit.The places in volved in the violent dispossession of land were Louisiana (purchased from France), no.th Carolina, Kentucky, Alabama, Georgia, Missisipi and Florida (Zinn, 1980). The Case of Mexicans US government troops were ordered to occupy the territory inhabited by Mexicans. The latter were murdered in their own soil. Some of the soldiers including commanding officers were loth but few showed opposition in executing orders. Although racism was widespread among Americans, the killings did not receive favourite support.The places involved in the violent dispossession of land were California, Texas, New Mexico and Louisiana. Mexico surrendered to US and was later paid $15 million. US propaganda later professed that fortunately they have taken nothing by conquest (Zinn, 1980) The Case of African American In 19th century, slavery of blacks was abolished in principle. In practice, however, they remained subjected to the shellive conditions in plantation systems. They were shut up whipped and p unished as forms of discipline in work.The places involved in the oppression of blacks based on land were New Orleans, South Carolina, Virgina, among others. The event of large-scale production in plantation brought about many uprisings of black people. Some ran away individually to escape their white masters exploitation. But, it was through collective resistance and armed insurrection that black people received vast support that even electoral candidates including President Lincoln had to make a pretense of giving black and white equal access to land and all the wealth and rights that go with it (Zinn, 1980).Conclusion on that point is no doubt that the need for land is real and practical. But in a society ruled by competition and insatiable drive for more wealth, this human need was transformed to the murder of millions of people who are nearly colored. The ruling class in America during the 19th century considerd that this conquest is justifiable because the white man is far superior to any other race. But history proves they were only superior militarily (Zinn, 1980).And they used this instrument of force to oppress other peoples. The history of white man supremacy is still propagated to this very day by the most powerful men in modern capitalists. The US government and its propaganda network in media and academe argue that taking land from other people, despite its bloodshed, can be justified with the emergence of a more progressive US. The ethnic groups, on the other hand, are more refined culturally and richer economically. This claim, of course, is but a distortion of history.If there is any real progress among these ethnic groups, it is the result of their struggle against their oppressors. Futhermore, it is not the American people as a whole that benefited from the systematic land grabbing from ethnic groups by the government. Ordinary Americans had to work hard for what they have it was not given to them by the government. They were even sent to wars for the sake of the rich. In sum, the relative success of different ethnic groups was brought about by their struggle for land and all the wealth that comes with it.There was never a United States or a community of people with common interest if we mean a national interest represented by the government, the development of capitalism or the dominant culture (Zinn, 1980). The differing relationships to the land experienced by European immigrants and their descendents, compared to the native Americans, African slaves, post-bellum African Americans, and Mexicans result to the formation of different people bounded with similar interests and common struggles, and contribute to the formation of movements which, as a whole, create a battling arena against modern capitalism.REFERENCESHalford, Joan Montgomery. (1999) A Different Mirror A Conversation with Ronald Takaki Understanding Race, Class and Culture. Vol. 56, No. 7. April. http//www. ascd. org/ed_topics/el199904_halford. html Ind ian removal. n. d. Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved 21 Aug. 2006 from http//www. pbs. org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2959. html Said, Edward W. (1979) Orientalism. New York Pantheon. Takaki, Ronald. (1992) The Tempest in the Wilderness The Racialization of Savagery.The Journal of American History, vol. 79, no. 3, December, 892-912. Weinberg, Meyer. (2003) A Short History of American Capitalism. USA New History Press. Retrieved August 16, 2006, from http//newhistory. org Zinn, Howard. (1980) A Peoples History of the United States. USA Harper & course of action Publishers. Wright, Dawin and Dr. Ramona Fernandez. Sept. 16, 1999. ATL 125-13 American Ethnic and Racial Experience. Retrieved 21 Aug 2006 from http//www. msu. edu/user/wright96/essay2b. htm